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Immunisation

Immunisation. 1796. If you understand basic immunology you can explain. How vaccines work and why vaccine failures occur Adverse events and their timing Why the schedule is as it is Why vaccines cannot overload the immune system. Physical barriers. Skin – 2 m²

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Immunisation

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  1. Immunisation

  2. 1796

  3. If you understand basic immunology you can explain... • How vaccines work and why vaccine failures occur • Adverse events and their timing • Why the schedule is as it is • Why vaccines cannot overload the immune system

  4. Physical barriers • Skin – 2 m² • Mucosal membranes – digestive, respiratory, reproductive tract – 400 m²

  5. Innate immunity • Phagocytosis • Macrophage - WBC • Rapid action 0-4 hours • Non-specific – same response each time • No memory – same response at each encounter • May destruct the antigen

  6. Adaptive immunity • Second level of defence • Effectiveness increases with each encounter • Specific immune response

  7. Types of (adaptive) immunity • Active Immunity • Passive Immunity

  8. Passive Immunity • Transfer of maternal antibodies • Administration of antibodies

  9. Active Immunity • Antibodies produced in response to an infection • Antibodies produced in response to a vaccination

  10. Types of antibody • IgG – the only type that crosses the placenta (after 32 weeks) • IgA – in breast milk – gives some mucosal protection • IgE – over production associated with anaphylaxis • Also IgM – maybe further reading!

  11. Active versus passive immunity • ACTIVE • Long lasting • Takes time to be effective • PASSIVE • Only short term • Immediate protection

  12. http://www.nhs.uk/Video/Pages/Vaccinationanimation2.aspx

  13. Vaccination schedule 2014 Meningococcal type C booster from Sept 2013 (13-15 yrs)

  14. Vaccine overload?

  15. Contraindications • Immunosuppression & treatment • Some steroid use • Unstable neurological condition • Previous anaphylactic reaction • Care with live vaccines • Pyrexia • Acute illness • Side effects??

  16. Vaccine trials • Pre-clinical laboratory based work • Phase I – (small scale – adults) • Phase II – (population specific) • Phase III – (100s-1000s participants) • Phase IV vaccines – MHRA reporting

  17. Getting to the schedule • Researchand development • JCVI • Recommendations to DH • Cost and feasibility studies • Supply and delivery • Awareness and training issues

  18. References/further reading • Immunisation against infectious disease (Green Book) [online] https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/public-health-england/series/immunisation-against-infectious-disease-the-green-book • Health Protection Agency website http://www.hpa.org.uk/HPAwebHome

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