Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology

1. Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology The Family Centre 71 Woburn Rd, Lower Hutt Lecture two: Indigenous Psychology of Aotearoa / New Zealand July 16, 2007 Dr Paul Hirini V.U.W. Kelburn Campus March 30th & April 2nd, 2007

2. Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural PsychologyLecture two: An Indigenous psychology • Culture and Meaning • Development of Cultural Psychology • Psychological Approaches to understanding Culture • The Influence of Culture • The Aotearoa / New Zealand Context

3. Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural PsychologyAttempts to Define Culture “System of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviours, and artefacts that the members of society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning”. “Culture is a shared, learned, symbolic system of values, beliefs and attitudes that shapes and influences perception and behaviour – an abstract “mental blueprint” or “mental code””.

4. Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology • The “Etic” approach – culture general Search for universal characteristics (i.e., comparative research, e.g., individualism & collectivism) • The “Emic” approach – culture specific Search for unique characteristics Example: Meaning and language • N.Z. Māori concept / phenomenon of “Whakamaa” - DSM IV-TR “Culture-bound syndromes” • The “Indigenous” approach – culture specific (e.g., “Maori-centric”)

5. Growth of Cultural PsychologyThe Aotearoa / New Zealand Scene • Jim & Jane Ritchie (1960 onward) • Abbott, M. & Durie, M.H. (1987). A Whiter Shade of Pale: Taha Māori and Professional Psychology Training. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 16, 58-71. Examination of NZ professional training programmes - monocultural / ethnocentric • Māori Psychologists • Garrett (1965, educational psychologist) • Awatere (1970’s & 80’s, educational psychologist) • Durie (Psychiatrist / academic) 1990’s • MacFarlan-Nathan (Clinical / forensic) • Stewart (Clinical / academic psychologist) • Stanley (Academic psychologist) • Nikora (Academic psychologist) • Love (educational / counselling / academic psychologist) • Robertson (Clinical / academic) • Hirini (Clinical / academic) • Lawson-Te Aho (Academic psychologist) • Levy (Academic psychologist) • Masters (Academic psychologist) • Others…

6. Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural PsychologyAn indigenous New Zealand psychology The Indigenous Approach • Similar to Emic approach as it is culture-specific • Indigenous to Aotearoa / New Zealand (“World famous in New Zealand”) • Developed from Maori concerns about control and appropriation of indigenous knowledge • Importance of local psychological research, theory and practice being … RELEVANT

7. Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural PsychologyNew Zealand Psychology - history • The history of N.Z. psychology indicates that “Māori research” typically meant an external examination of Māori social or ‘psychological’ make-up or functioning (normal or otherwise) • A history of observation, examination (e.g., interviewing or testing), often in pursuit of making ethnic comparisons • Māori research held no ‘within group’ insights – increasing relevance of psychology to indigenous people

8. Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology New Zealand Psychology – present time • N.Z. psychology has improved recruitment and retention rates of Māori in training and the workforce. Unmet Māori social and health needs continue, requiring more registered Māori psychologists (e.g., Te Rau Puawai & Te Rau Matatini) • An increased level of ideas, discussion, debate and research among Māori (within group) and those working in collaboration with Maori communities

9. Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural PsychologyDevelopment of a Maori psychology • The spiritual dimension (realm of belief, emotion and experiential psychology) • The influence of whānau/tribal identity and functioning • The natural environment (e.g., waahi tapu), inter-relatedness • A Māori ‘purpose’ or kaupapa - kaitiakitanga

10. Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology“Cultural Identity” A hard question? • What/who is a New Zealand Māori? • Who are the ‘experts’ in Māori people and culture?

11. Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural PsychologyLecture three: An indigenous New Zealand psychology Tāngata whenua = People of the land Indigenous people of Aotearoa (A group of Islands in the South Pacific) A Polynesian people Mihimihi – introductions • “Ko wai koe? Who are you?” • “No hea koe? Where are you from?”

12. Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology“Cultural Identity” New Zealand Māori; Tāngata whenua Key concepts • Whenua • Whakapapa • Whānau • A Maori Psyche? • Mana

13. Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural PsychologyAn indigenous New Zealand psychology • Whakapapa; whenua; whānau • A tapu aspect to each concept • Self vs. selfless – “belonging” • Wā Kainga; Turangawaewae • Whenua – Papatuanuku (“Mother” Earth) • Land & Women

14. Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural PsychologyAn indigenous New Zealand psychology

15. Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural PsychologyMana Māori – Māori ownership and control • Example: Māori words, thought, meaning. Commonly used, commonly misunderstood Māori words • ‘Mana’ – old world • A spiritual word/concept… • “S/he who has mana has the favour of the Gods” • Cognitive, emotive, behavioural aspects to the concept • A collective cultural / spiritual obligation to lead / protect / nurture • Psyche – “n. the human soul, mind, spirit…from Gk psukhē ‘breath, life, soul’. • Oxford University Press. (2002). Concise Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford. P.1153. • ‘Māori’ – new world • A tribal people

16. Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural PsychologyAn indigenous New Zealand psychologyKaitiakitanga – A Māori Kaupapa • Kaitiaki – guardian / Kaitiakitanga – guardianship (also termed “mana tiaki”) • Knowledge valued highly, ‘priviledged’ knowledge judiciously given (held by few) • A spiritual aspect to knowledge and its guardianship (the missing dimension in social science) • Māori understand their cultural identity / access to people & culture (dynamic / ever-changing people & culture) • Māori people have rights and responsibilities over reference, interpretation and examination of Māori concepts, beliefs and practices.

17. Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural PsychologyAn indigenous New Zealand psychology • The marae: The “last bastion of Māori culture” • The Powhiri / encounter • The Poroporoaki / departure • Formal process by which people meet (hui) and determine relationships (past / present / future). • Methodological stimulation of all human senses.

18. Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural PsychologyAn indigenous New Zealand psychology

19. Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural PsychologyAn indigenous New Zealand psychology • Māori-centric research, theory and practice • Access to Māori culture • Access to Māori communities • Understanding of both (incl. language / meaning) • Tikanga – correct conduct (tika = correct) • Examples • Hongi; karakia ; koha

20. Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural PsychologyPsychology and moral responsibility Code of Ethics For Psychologists Working in Aotearoa/New Zealand, 2002 • PREAMBLE Declaration “In giving effect to the Principles and Values of this Code of Ethics there shall be due regard for New Zealand’s cultural diversity and in particular for the provisions of, and the spirit and intent of, the Treaty of Waitangi.”

21. Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural PsychologyNew Zealand Psychologists’ Code of Ethics Contents • PREAMBLE 3 • PRINCIPLE 1: Respect for the Dignity of Persons and Peoples • 1.1 General respect 5 • 1.2 Non-discrimination 5 • 1.3 Relations between Maori and non-Maori 5 • 1.4 Sensitivity to diversity 6 • 1.5 Children/young persons 6 • 1.6 Privacy and confidentiality 6 • 1.7 Informed consent 8 • PRINCIPLE 2: Responsible Caring • 2.1 Promotion of wellbeing 9 • 2.2 Competence 10 • 2.3 Active participation 10 • 2.4 Vulnerability 11 • 2.5 Children/young persons 11 • 2.6 Wellbeing of human research participants 11 • 2.7 Animals 12 • PRINCIPLE 3: Integrity in Relationships • 3.1 Honesty 13

22. Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural PsychologyNZ Psych Ethics continued • 3.2 Personal values 14 • 3.3 Structure of relationships 14 • 3.4 Conflicts of interest 14 • PRINCIPLE 4: Social Justice and Responsibility to Society • 4.1 Welfare of society 15 • 4.2 Respect for society 15 • 4.3 Benefit to society 16 • 4.4 Accountability, standards and ethical practice 16 • INDEX 17 Ref: Code of Ethics for Psychologists Working in Aotearoa/New Zealand, 2002, Page 3

23. Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural PsychologyCultural sensitivity vs. cultural responsiveness cultural responsiveness “…refers to counsellor responses that acknowledge the existence of, show interest in, demonstrate knowledge of, and express appreciation for the client's ethnicity and culture and that place the client's problem in a cultural context" (Atkinson & Lowe, 1995, p. 402, italics added). Ref: Atkinson, D., & Lowe, S. (1995). The role of ethnicity, cultural knowledge, and conventional techniques in counselling and psychotherapy. In Ponetrotto, J., Casas, J., Suzuki, S., & Alexander, C. (Eds.). Handbook of multicultural counselling. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. NB: 2nd Edition published 2001

24. Psyc. 338: Cross-Cultural Psychology Whakatauki: Māori Proverb “He aha te mea nui o te Ao? He tāngata, he tāngata, he tāngata!” “What is the most important resource in the world? It is people!”