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Course Content

Course Content. Introduction to the Course Biomechanical Concepts Related to Human Movement Anatomical Concepts Related to Human Movement Qualitative Analysis of Human Movement. Anatomical Concepts Related to Human Movement. The Skeletal System The Muscular System The Nervous System.

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Course Content

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  1. Course Content • Introduction to the Course • Biomechanical Concepts Related to Human Movement • Anatomical Concepts Related to Human Movement • Qualitative Analysis of Human Movement

  2. Anatomical Concepts Related to Human Movement • The Skeletal System • The Muscular System • The Nervous System

  3. The Muscular System • Organ Level Structure & Function • System Level Structure & Function • Injury to the Musculoskeletal System

  4. The Muscular System • Organ Level Structure & Function • System Level Structure & Function • Injury to the Skeletal System • Musculoskeletal Function

  5. General Structure • ~ 434 muscles • 40%-45% of body weight • 75 pairs of muscles • Organized into compartments • Utilizes 50% of body’s metabolism • Controlled by somatic nervous system

  6. General Function • Provides force/torque for movement • Maintenance of upright posture • Body transport • Object manipulation • Aids in venous return • Maintains body temperature

  7. Organ Level Structure and Function • Structure of the Muscle Organ • Function of the Muscle Organ

  8. Organ Level Structure and Function • Structure of the Muscle Organ • Function of the Muscle Organ

  9. Muscle Tissue – Active Component

  10. Properties of Skeletal Muscle Tissue • Excitability (Irritability) • Conductivity • Contractility • Extensibility • Elasticity

  11. Connective Tissue – Passive Component

  12. Nerve Tissue – Passive Component

  13. Structure of the Muscle Organ • Muscle organ: 40,000 -1,000,000 fibers • Fascicle: 10-200 fibers • Fiber: 8000 fibrils

  14. Muscle Compartments

  15. Organ Level Structure and Function • Structure of the Muscle Organ • Function of the Muscle Organ

  16. Function of the Muscle Organ Force Production

  17. Series & Parallel Elastic Tissue

  18. Factors That Affect Force Output • Physiological factors • Cross-sectional area • Fiber type • Neural factors • Muscle fiber activation • Rate of motor unit activation • Biomechanical factors • Muscle architecture • Force-length relationship • Force-velocity relationship

  19. Physiological Factors: CSA Training?

  20. Physiological Factors: Muscle Fiber Type • Type I • Red, SO, slow-twitch • Type IIa • Red, FOG, fast-twitch, intermediate • Type IIb • White, FG, fast-twitch Training??

  21. Percentage of Type I Fibers in Human Skeletal Muscle

  22. Factors That Affect Force Output • Physiological factors • Cross-sectional area • Fiber type • Neural factors • Muscle fiber activation • Rate of motor unit activation • Biomechanical factors • Muscle architecture • Force-length relationship • Force-velocity relationship

  23. Neurological Factors: Muscle Fiber Activation • All-or-None Principle • Same fiber type within MU • 10-2000 fibers per MU • 120-580 MUs / muscle • MU size influences precision & force of movement

  24. Neurological Factors: Muscle Fiber Activation •  # of activated MUs,  force • Training?

  25. Neurological Factors: Rate of Motor Unit Activation •  rate of MU activation,  force

  26. Single Twitch Multiple Twitch Tetanus Training??

  27. Factors That Affect Force Output • Physiological factors • Cross-sectional area • Fiber type • Neural factors • Muscle fiber activation • Rate of motor unit activation • Biomechanical factors • Muscle architecture • Force-length relationship • Force-velocity relationship

  28. Nonpennate Muscle Pennate Muscle

  29. Ranges of Muscle Pennation in Humans (Yamaguchi et al., 1990)

  30. Fiber Density - PCSA

  31. Nonpennate Muscle Pennate Muscle

  32. CSA & PCSA of Ankle Plantar Flexors (Fukunaga et al., 1992)

  33. Biomechanical Factors: Muscle Architecture • Pennate • Greater force (force ~ PCSA) • Non-pennate • Greater range of muscle lengths • Larger ROM • Greater operating range • Shorten at higher velocities • Training?

  34. Factors That Affect Force Output • Physiological factors • Cross-sectional area • Fiber type • Neurological factors • Muscle fiber activation • Rate of motor unit activation • Biomechanical factors • Muscle architecture • Force-length relationship • Force-velocity relationship

  35. Humans: 2.6-2.8 mm

  36. Active Component

  37. Passive component

  38. Total Force

  39. 60% 160% Single Joint Muscles 110-120%

  40. Multi Joint Muscles >160% 60%

  41. Factors That Affect Force Output • Physiological factors • Cross-sectional area • Fiber type • Neurological factors • Muscle fiber activation • Rate of motor unit activation • Biomechanical factors • Muscle architecture • Force-length relationship • Force-velocity relationship

  42. 110-180% isometric Biomechanical Factors: Force-Velocity Relationship Eccentric Concentric Velocity

  43. Factors that Affect Force Output • Physiological factors • Cross-sectional area • Fiber type • Neurological factors • Muscle fiber activation • Rate of motor unit activation • Biomechanical factors • Muscle architecture • Length-tension relationship • Force-velocity relationship

  44. Summary • Numerous factors affect the force output of the muscle organ. • Identification of these factors allows us to better understand muscle strength and explore alternative training methods that may be effective in increasing muscle strength.

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