1 / 20

The People of the Sunnah

The People of the Sunnah. HIST 1007 10/2/13. What is Islam?. What is Islam?. God Everything else. Islam during the Time of the Prophet. Is there even anything called Islam? The Believers Movement Umma – Muhajirun , ansar , “converts,” allies, and tribal chiefs

airlia
Download Presentation

The People of the Sunnah

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. The People of the Sunnah HIST 1007 10/2/13

  2. What is Islam?

  3. What is Islam? God Everything else

  4. Islam during the Time of the Prophet • Is there even anything called Islam? • The Believers Movement • Umma – Muhajirun, ansar, “converts,” allies, and tribal chiefs • Accept the Qur’an as revelation, Muhammad as the messenger of God, and the umma as the community of true believers.

  5. After the Prophet • Sahaba – Companions of the Prophet • Tabi`un – Muslims of the generation after Muhammad’s death • Qurra’ – Teachers of the Qur’an • Not formal institutions • Teaching of Islam by those considered knowledgeable. al-BaqiCemetary, Medina, before and after destruction by Wahhabists and Saudi government in 1925

  6. Do you need to define Islam? • Conquest and expansion • Political debates (Kharijis and Shi’ites) • Connection with other traditions • Jewish (isra’iliyyat) • Christian (Syriac) • Zoroastrian • Hellenistic • Persian • Arabian

  7. Kalam- Theology • Kharijites (657-present) – Anyone who fails to follow God’s command is not a true Muslim. Free will. • Qadaris (late 7th – early 9th centuries) – An unrighteous ruler should abdicate or be deposed. Free will. • Mu`tazilis (8th-10th centuries) – Sinful Muslims are neither true Muslims nor non-believers. Rationalists. • Murji`a – Anyone who professes to be a Muslim is a Muslim. Supporters of non-Arab converts.

  8. Kalam • Free will, predestination, and God’s attributes • Mu`tazili – God is unique, uncreated, and his attributes are neither physical nor literal. • Qur’an is created, not part of God’s essence like Christian Logos. • Men have free will, God does not create evil deeds nor punish for predestined deeds. Symbol of neo-Mu`tazilites

  9. Mu`tazilites 1. Tawhid – Unity of God 2. `Adl – God is just 3. Reward and punishment belong in the afterlife. • A sinner is neither a true Muslim nor an apostate. 5. Muslims are responsible for promoting the good and suppressing evil.

  10. Ahl al-hadith • Traditionists • God cannot be known by reason, only by revelation. • Qur’an and example of Prophet Muhammad as found in hadith. • God’s attributes must be real! • God is absolutely omnipotent and inscrutable. • All actions are the result of God.

  11. Abu al-Hasan al-Ash`ari (d. 936) • A happy medium… • Theological tenets derived from tradition can be supported by rational arguments. • The Qur’an exists in the divine essence… • But in the form of letters and words it is created… • al-Maturidi (d. 944): You can know God through reason, not just revelation.

  12. Kalam Mu`tazilite – understand through reason Traditionists – understand through revelation - the Qur’an is uncreated Mu`tazilite – people have free will - the Qur’an is created Traditionists – God is all powerful

  13. Kalam Ash`arites – Can be understood through revelation and explained through reason. - essence of the Qur’an Ash`arites – the precise letters and words of the Qur’an are created

  14. Why would the Caliph Care? • Mihna: Inquisition begun by al-Ma’mun in 833 • Supports Mu`tazilite opinion • Tries to ban traditionalists from holding office • Is the Qur’an created or uncreated? • Ahmad b. Hanbal(780-855): Leading hadith scholar of Baghdad, critical of `Abbasid excess • Caliphs unable to enforce theological stances

  15. Fiqh • Islamic jurisprudence • Largely built on older traditions in dialogue with Qur’an and hadith • Qadi: Judge, by late 8th century, only `ulama’ • Mufti: Legal authority • Ra’y: Personal judgment of a qadi • Ra’y can set precedent

  16. Schools of Law • Regional study circles • Mecca, Medina, Kufa, Basra, Baghdad, and Fustat • Sharing teachings of notable scholars creates legal networks • As circles become more focused, they become legal schools with defined views and curriculum • Madhhab: School of Law • Hanafis: First legal school • based in Kufa and Basra on the teachings of Abu Hanifa (d. 767) • Established precedents, ra’y, and Islamic norms

  17. Schools of Law • Maliki: legal tradition of Medina • Malik b. Anas (d. 795), Muwatta’ • Qur’an, example of the Prophet (sunna), judgment of the sahaba, and traditions of Medina • Shafi`i: • Abu `Abdullah al-Shafi`I (767-820) • Qur’an, sunna, consensus (ijtima’), and analogy (qiyas)

  18. Modern distribution of Madhhabs

  19. Growing Importance of Qur’an and Hadith • Hanafis: law based on precedent and legal judgments • Malikis: traditions of the sahaba and people of Medina along with Qur’an and hadith • Shafi`i: consensus and analogy in interpreting the Qur’an and hadith • Hanbalis: Qur’an and hadith only, rejection of consensus and analogy

  20. Hadith Collections • SahihBukhari, Muhammad al-Bukhari (d. 870) • Sahih Muslim, Muslim b. al-Hajjaj (d. 875) • Sunan al-Sughra, al-Nasa`I (d. 915) • Sunan Abu Dawood, Abu Dawood (d. 888) • Jami al-Tirmidhi, al-Tirmidhi (d. 892) • SunanibnMajah, IbnMajah (d. 887) • All six collections of sound hadith were collected by Persians. Tomb of al-Bukhari in Samarqand, Uzbekistan

More Related