Why is MORECO of interest to you?

1. Why is MORECO of interest to you?

2. Facts Background Trends komobile stadtland

3. Peak Oil and Energy Prices Regular Plus Diesel komobile stadtland

4. Peak Oil Oil demand Shortage and increasing prices Oil supply 2003 <> 2030 komobile stadtland

5. Traffic & Transport: Main reason for oil consumption e.g. Oil consumption in Austria 1995–2010 Terajoule / year Traffic & Transport Domestic heating, hot water Industry, steam generation, ... source: Statistik Austria, Energiestatistik, Energiebilanzen Österreich 1970 - 2010 komobile stadtland

6. Traffic & Transport: Main reason for oil consumptionPreview of main petrochemical demand, Italy 1990 – 2025 (billion tons)

7. Traffic & Transport Number of private cars per person, French examples RHONE ALPES

8. Traffic & Transport: Energy consumption in France One third of the total French energy consumption is due to transport 36% of CO2 emissions are due to transport (2008) RHONE ALPES

9. Increasing energy prices = increasing costs for accomodation and mobility! Private households: course of action limited usage of cars reduction of other budgets spatial reorganisation switching reduction of activities efficient vehicles higher degree of occupation fuel-efficient style of driving choosing shorter destinations transferring domicile or place of work public transport non motorized traffic new media new kinds of transport efficient Vehicles Unwanted effect: meaning heavy individual constraints causing loss of welfare Preserving structure: useful option, but dependency on oil remains Changing structure: option supports independence of oil Possible short-term and long-term adaptive reactions on rising energy prices (SOURCE: Gertz et al. 2008 zitiert in Frehn, Dittrich-Wesbuer, Verkehrsfolgenabschätzung der Siedlungsentwicklung, Dortmund, im April 2012) komobile stadtland

10. Settlement Patterns that Leave no Choice! residence leisure social contacts place of work supply others Necessity to use the car komobile stadtland

11. Extensive settlement patternsMonofunctional residential areas foto: SAGIS Disproportionate land consumption compared to population growth Maximized distances Low density = bad coverage by public transport No shops or services, no places of employment komobile stadtland

12. Jobs far away from residential areasShopping centres on the outskirts of the city VOGIS (C) Land Vorarlberg Far away from residential areas Inaccessible for pedestrians, cyclists and public transport users Dedicated to car accessibility, vast parking-sites komobile stadtland

13. Fragmented residential areas foto: SAGIS City: 20 m road / housing unit Area of single-family-detached houses: up to 150 m road / housing unit komobile stadtland

14. Reduced and fragmented agricultural areasless local high-quality food Foto: Pascale Margot Rougerie Far away from residential areas for pedestrians, cyclists and public transport users Dedicated to car accessibility, vast parking-sites Purple SIR

15. Under-utilised central locations foto: VOGIS (C) Land Vorarlberg Deserted city and village-centres Missed chances komobile stadtland

16. Good architecture! Good location? Architecturally sophisticated, energy efficient, built ecologically! B U T High consumption of land, car-dependent, not sustainable! komobile stadtland

17. The role of motivations in residential site and mobility mode decisions photo: Erika Mahoney Private / social benefits and costs of choosing housing locationand mode of transport types which motivate travel behaviour UIRS

18. Choosing a housing locationin the city author: unknown photo: Mario Mariordo • Private costs • Too high density • Traffic congestion • Environmental pollution • Only high priced areas offervery good quality for living • Large share of income spent on living expenses • Less leisure opportunities without a car • Private benefits • Physical proximity to urban amenities • Working place / living placein close proximity • No need for a car • Good living qualityin high priced areas UIRS

19. Choosing a housing locationin suburban areas/villages • P benefits • Realized preference for low-density living • Proximity to natural areas, private garden • Lower crime rates • More living area for the same money • No costs for inherited building sites • Quality of life is higher than in urban areas photo: Barbara Jordan Dettweiler illustration: Kevin H. • P costs • High mobility costs in the long run • High dependency on car • Greater stress due to long journeys to work • High time costs for all family members • Risk of loss of property value due to changing travel conditions (energy prices) • Private costs • High mobility costs in the long run • High dependency on cars • Greater stress due to travelling to work • High time costs • Risk of property value loss • Private benefits • low-density living • natural areas, private gardens • Lower crime rates • More living space • No costs for inherited building sites • Quality of life is higher UIRS

20. Choosing mode of transportCommuting by car source: alamy • Private costs • Long commuting times • High travel costs • Health problems • Psychological problems • Less opportunities to meet and interact with people source: Dealer Refresh • costs • Long commuting times • High travel costs • Health problems • Psychological problems • Less opportunities to meet peopleand get new experiences • Private benefits • Better access to employment opportunities • Combining trips to work + other daily chores • More opportunities for accessto desired or affordable housing UIRS

21. Choosing mode of transportCommuting by public transport photo: Salvatore Vuono Source:Photosynth • Private benefits • Reduction in commuting costs • Reduction in road accidents • Reduction in noise and air pollution • Enhancement in work productivity • Reduction of stress • Private costs • Greater time costs • Forces people to follow precise timing • In some areas not all public transports modes are available UIRS

22. Choosing mode of transport:Walking and cycling source: Lovingthebike.com source: Cortina • Private costs • Built environment features can affect the amount of time a trip takes, but also the comfort, safety and enjoyment of the walking environment • Good equipment is needed • Facilities and time for changing clothes and washing/showering is required • Private benefits • Daily physical training • Lower risk of obesity • Independency of traffic congestions • Opportunity to use routes with good environmental quality • Stress-less time UIRS

23. Choosing a housing locationin the city source: Lovingthebike.com photo: Mario Mariordo source: Cortina photo: Andrej Gulič • Social benefits • Lower fiscal costs for infrastructure • Higher density settlements are more socially sustainable • High density urban livingfor social interaction • Inner-city redevelopments on ‘brownfield’ sites • Presence of supra-local services photo: Andrej Gulič • Social costs • Degradation of public spaces • Greater health and safety risks • High cost of renovation • Lack of interest of real estate agents UIRS

24. Choosing a housing locationin suburban areas/villages photo: Andrej Gulič source: BabyCentre Blog • Social costs • Degradation of public spaces • Loss of open space • Larger ecological footprint • High demands on public infrastructure • High dependency on car traffic • Commuting can be considered a huge social cost • Social benefits • Suburbanization creates separation of land uses • Superstores are feasible on the outskirts • Inhabitants bring money to municipalities • More opportunities for development of social and welfare nets • Social integration is stronger UIRS

25. Choosing mode of transportCommuting by car source: The Ohio State University • Social costs • Long daily commuting times • Increased traffic congestion and environmental pollution • Unfavourable socio-physical condition of commuters; accident costs • Roads’ construction and maintenance • Surface taken up by road infrastructure • Decline and abandonment of city centres source: EntitySolutions • Social benefits • Increased productivity and individual welfare • Better functioning of labour markets UIRS

26. Choosing mode of transportCommuting by publ. transport photo: Andrej Gulič • Social benefits • Cost efficiency for the travelers • Environmentally more friendly modes of transport • External benefits of public transport • Reduction of social and environmental costs photo: Andrej Gulič • Social costs • Congestion costs • Overcrowding in peak hours • Poorly coordinated timetables UIRS

27. Choosing mode of transportWalking and cycling source: Cortina photo: Andrej Gulič source: Grist • Social benefits • Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions • Lower consumption of space • Improvement of the psycho-physical well-being • Greater equity and solidarity between traffic participants • Promotion of tourism and recreation • Social costs • Construction of walking + cycling routes • Allocation of local services along the routes • Reconversion of roads to walking and cycling routes • Introducing new mobility management tools UIRS

28. Broader social impacts on motivations source: Lipman, B. • Motivations depend on the prevailing cultural and value system in a given area (state, region, local community UIRS

29. Variablesthat influence the development of motivations / preferencesfor specific housing location and modes of transport source: Lipman, B. source: Shirt.Woot source: getty images I corbis source: The WTM Blog • Social and cultural context • Characteristics of labour force / employment decentralisation • Advancements in communication technologies • Types of households/ position in the life cycle • Characteristics of current housing / potential new housing author: Jill Andrews source: Sergio Pecanha UIRS

30. Urban Sprawl / Land Consumption Increasing land consumption despite stagnant population foto: SAGIS komobile stadtland

31. Development of settlement area per inhabitant 600 10 9 population 500 8 7 400 settlement area 6 inhabitants (mio) 300 5 settlement area per inhabitant (m² / inh) 4 200 3 2 100 1 0 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 source: Umweltbundesamt (UBA), 9. Umweltkontrollbericht, Wien 2010 / data Austria komobile stadtland

32. Separation, fragmentation, loss of area options – municipality + costs food production recreationhabitatecological balance increasing distances damaged environment inefficient use of supplies extensive systems for supply and disposal komobile stadtland

33. Infrastructure costs depending on development density Traffic accessibility, water supply, sewage disposal, electricity, street lights Single family detached houses: 12 housing units/ha floor space ratio: 0,23 Single family houses coupled: 21 housing units/hafloor space ratio: 0,40 Row houses: 34 housing units/hafloor space ratio: 0,61 Multi-storey appartment houses:75 housing units/hafloor space ratio: 0,88 Infrastructure costs per housing unit in % 100 47 25 63 source: SIR„Infrastrukturkostenstudie Salzburg, SIR-Konkret 4/2007 komobile stadtland

34. Demographic Change Fewer children in an aging society!New demands on infrastructure! komobile stadtland

35. Aging society ... Structure of the population, by age group and sex, EU-27; in % of total population men (2010) women(2010) men(2060) women(2060) > 85 years 80 – 84 years 75 – 79 years 70 – 74 years 65 – 69 years 60 – 64 years 55 – 59 years 50 – 54 years 45 – 49 years 40 – 44 years 35 – 39 years 30 – 34 years 25 – 29 years 20 – 24 years 15 – 19 years 10 – 14 years 5 – 9 years source: Eurostat (Online-Datencode: demo_pjangroup, proj_10c2150p) < 5 years komobile stadtland

36. Requirements of older people on the living environment functional diversity safe paths barrier-free environment Within walking distance • daily consumer needs (freedom of choice) • public transport • recreation areas • social network • medical supplies Accessibility of • mobile services • regional services and supplies komobile stadtland

37. Increasing Health Expenditures 31,4 BIL EUR / year The cost-share of the health care system exceeds 10 % of economic output and are continuing to rise! Health expenditures in % of GDP source: STATISTIK AUSTRIA komobile stadtland

38. Health expenditures caused by road traffic source: VCÖ 2012 komobile stadtland