Chapter 21 – Sections 1 and 3 Changing Ways of Life and Education and Popular Culture

1. Chapter 21 – Sections 1 and 3Changing Ways of Life and Education and Popular Culture

2. Changing Ways of Life and Education and Popular Culture • Main Idea – Americans experienced cultural conflicts as customs and values changed in the 1920s. The popular culture reflected the prosperity of the era, as mass media, movies, and spectator sports played important roles in the 1920s.

3. Booming Economy • Wartime economy  Peacetime economy • Technology growth made life easier • Washing machine • Electric stove • Electric lighting • Buying on Credit  Spending money you don’t have.

4. What made the 20s roaring? • People became more carefree and adventurous. • Women held jobs outside the home and went to college • Flapper: carefree young women with short hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. • Flagpole sitter…people actually sat on top of flagpoles for fun. • Charles Lindbergh…first solo flight across Atlantic (Spirit of Saint Louis)

5. Results of Improved Transportation • Greater Mobility (easier to move around) • People moved from the suburbs and commuted to work in the cities • Created jobs in transportation industry • Road construction • Oil • Steel • Cars • Gas stations • Airplane-transports mail and eventually people • Charles Lindbergh

6. The Prohibition Experiment • Background: 18th Amendment established an era of Prohibition – def. – manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages illegal

7. Prohibition • U.S. government failed to budget enough money to enforce the law • Speakeasies – def. – underground saloons and nightclubs that sold alcohol • Bootleggers – def. – people who manufactured or smuggled illegal liquor

8. Prohibition • SIG – Prohibition experiment failed • Rise in organized crime – ex: gangster Al Capone in Chicago • In 1933 – 21st Amendment repealed prohibition

9. Science and Religion Clash • Fundamentalism – def. – belief in the literal interpretation of the bible • Led to conflict with some scientific ideas • Rejected the idea that man had evolved from apes = Darwin’s theory of evolution

10. Science and Religion Clash • The Scopes Trial (1925) – Teacher John T. Scopes violated TN law that banned teaching of evolution in school • Featured fight between defense lawyer Clarence Darrow and prosecution witness William Jennings Bryan • SIG - Highlighted the conflict between science and fundamentalism

11. Sacco and Vanzetti • Sacco and Vanzetti • Italian immigrants (and anarchists) who were charged and found guilty in the armed robbery and murder of two pay-clerks • Eyewitnesses had only been able to say that the guilty parties looked Italian, Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested • Executed via Electrocution

12. Mass Media Shape Culture • Newspapers • Magazines • Radio • Movies

13. Newspapers • more literate Americans = increased newspaper circulation • SIG – shaped cultural norms and sparked fads

14. Magazines • mass-circulation to reach wide audiences • Focused on weekly news and culture – ex: Reader’s Digest, Time

15. Radio • most powerful communications medium of the 1920s • Broadcast news, sports, music (Jazz), children’s programs • SIG – created a more national culture – different audiences around the country hearing the same programs

16. Movies • offered viewers a way to escape their lives through romance and comedy • SIG – helped promote a national culture • Development of movies—Silent movies! • Felix the Cat • The Big Parade • Mickey Mouse

17. Sports Heroes • Babe Ruth - a professional ball player that hit 60 homeruns in one season. • Jack Dempsey - a boxer defeated by Gene Tunney. • Gene Tunney - the boxer that defeated former champion Jack Dempsey. • Johnny Weissmuller - an American Olympic swimmer that won 5 gold medals and was an actor. • Bobby Jones - was the greatest amateur golfer of modern times. • Big Bill Tilden - first American to win men's singles at Wimbledon, England. • Red Grange - was a halfback at the University of Illinois from 1923 to 1925.

18. The Twenties Woman • Background: 19th Amendment increased women’s rights by giving women the right to vote • Flappers – def. - young urban women who embraced new fashions and attitudes • Featured short bobbed haircuts, shorter dresses, make-up, smoking, drinking, talked openly about sex, dancing • 20 Slang

19. Limiting Immigration • Anti-immigrant attitudes (nativism) had been growing since the 1880s due to increased immigration, especially from Southern and Eastern Europe • Increased immigration led to more competition for industrial jobs in cities

20. Limiting Immigration • Return of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) • 1920s KKK devoted to hatred of immigrants, blacks, Catholics, Jews, • 4.5 million male members by mid-1920s • Declined by the end of the decade due to criminal activity

21. Limiting Immigration • The Quota System – established the maximum number of people who could enter the U.S. from each foreign country • Designed to limit number of Southern and Eastern European immigrants

22. Great Migration • Jobs for African Americans in the South were Scarce and low paying • African Americans faced discrimination and violence in the South • African Americans moved to northern cities in search of jobs • African Americans also faced discrimination and violence in the North North South

23. Harlem Renaissance • African American artists, writers, and musicians based in Harlem revealing the freshness and variety of African American culture. • The popularity of these artists spread to the rest of society. • Art: Jacob Lawrence-painter who chronicled the Great Migration North through art. • Literature: Langston Hughes-poet who combined the experiences of African and American cultural roots. • Music: Duke Ellington and Lewis Armstrong-Jazz composers; Bessie Smith-Blues singer

24. Culture of the 20s and 30s • Literature: • F. Scott Fitzgerald-novelist who wrote about the jazz age (The Great Gatsby) • John Steinbeck-novelist who portrayed the strength of poor migrant workers in the 30s (The Grapes of Wrath • Art: • Georgia O’Keefe-artist known for urban scenes and later paintings of the southwest and flowers • Music: • Aaron Copland and George Gershwin- wrote uniquely American music.

25. The Nation’s Sick Economy A New Deal Fights the Depression Chapter 22 – Section 1 Chapter 23 – Section 1

26. The Nation’s Sick Economy A New Deal Fights the Depression • Main Idea – As the prosperity of the 1920s ended, severe economic problems gripped the nation and led to the Great Depression. After becoming president, Franklin Delano Roosevelt used government programs as part of his New Deal to combat the Depression.

27. The Business Cycle • The economy naturally goes through times of recession, recovery, and prosperity.

28. Economic Troubles on the Horizon • Background: The prosperity of the 1920s was largely based on the use of credit – def. – consumers agreed to buy now and pay later for purchases • Installment buying • Buying on margin • Over speculation

29. Installment buying • def. - form of credit with monthly payments with interest

30. Buying on margin • def. – buying too many stocks hoping to sell at a higher price in a short period of time, regardless of risk involved

31. Over Speculation • paying only a small percentage of a stock’s price as a down payment and borrowing the rest to make a stock purchase

32. Causes of the Great Depression • Black Tuesday • Hawley-Smoot Act

33. Black Tuesday • (October 29, 1929) – the stock market crashed with 16.4 million shares of stock sold in one day, causing prices to collapse • Prices of stocks fell  speculators left with huge debts that couldn’t be repaid to banks banks failed people lost their savings

34. Banks Failing • Federal Reserve failed to prevent widespread collapse of the nation’s banking system as banks continued to fail through the early 1930s

35. Hawley-Smoot Act • (1930) - High protective tariff resulted in retaliatory tariffs in other countries, which strangled international trade

36. Financial Collapse • Great Depression • “Hoovervilles” • Farm foreclosures

37. Unemployment Graph When was unemployment the highest?

38. Great Depression • – def. – period from 1929 to 1940 in which the economy plummeted and unemployment skyrocketed, causing widespread hardship • Business failures – 90,000 businesses went bankrupt • Collapse of the financial system - over 11,000 bank closings • Unemployment – 25% of American workers were unemployed by 1932

39. “Hoovervilles” • – def. - shacks and shantytowns of homeless people, named for President Hoover • President Hoover thought that private companies and volunteers should take care of the economy • Did not act in the beginning to try to counter act the depression

40. Farm foreclosures • – farmers lost their homes and lands and were forced to migrate across the country looking for work • Dust Bowl • “Okies”

41. Dust Bowl • parts of Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado that were hardest hit by draught and dust storms

42. Dust Bowl • Lasted 8 years • Caused by poor agricultural practices and years of sustained drought • The winds of the Great Plains stirred up the dust from the fields and blew it across the plains • In 1932, 14 dust storms were recorded on the Plains. • In 1933, there were 38 storms. • By 1934, it was estimated that 100 million acres of farmland had lost all or most of the topsoil to the winds.

43. Dust Bowl • The Dust Bowl got its name after Black Sunday, April 14, 1935. • The cloud that appeared on the horizon that Sunday was the worst. Winds were clocked at 60 mph. Then it hit. • The simplest acts of life — breathing, eating a meal, taking a walk — were no longer simple. • Children wore dust masks to and from school, women hung wet sheets over windows in a futile attempt to stop the dirt, farmers watched helplessly as their crops blew away. • http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/depression/dustbowl.htm • Life during the Dust Bowl

44. Okies and Arkies • Okies: those who moved west to California from Oklahoma • Arkies: those who moved west to California from Arkansas • These migrant workers/families lived in tents or out of their automobiles

45. Understanding Images • What feelings does this image give you? • What do you think to woman is feeling? How about the kids? • Describe the way they are dressed? • Migrant Stories

46. Steinbeck and the Dust Bowl • As John Steinbeck wrote in his 1939 novel The Grapes of Wrath: • "And then the dispossessed were drawn west- from Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico; from Nevada and Arkansas, families, tribes, dusted out, tractored out. Car-loads, caravans, homeless and hungry; twenty thousand and fifty thousand and a hundred thousand and two hundred thousand. They streamed over the mountains, hungry and restless - restless as ants, scurrying to find work to do - to lift, to push, to pull, to pick, to cut - anything, any burden to bear, for food. The kids are hungry. We got no place to live. Like ants scurrying for work, for food, and most of all for land." 

47. Americans Get a New Deal • Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) won the presidential election of 1932 • Inaugural address – rallied a frightened nation • “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” • Fireside Chats – FDR’s radio addresses aimed at restoring American confidence

48. New Deal • Relief • Recovery • Reform

49. Relief • measures that provided direct payment to people for immediate help • CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) • TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority) • WPA (Works Progress Administration)

50. CCC • (Civilian Conservation Corps) – provided jobs for young single males on conservation projects