Do Now

1. Do Now • Record in Agenda: Due next class: Territorial Growth Map All materials available on my website under the Unit 6 icon Open your notebook to the Territorial Growth Map.

2. What is Manifest Destiny? • John Louis O'Sullivan was an American columnist and editor who first used the term "Manifest Destiny" in the 1840’s • O'Sullivan argued that the United States had a God-given right to expand throughout North America • He wrote that “ It is our manifest destiny to overspread and …possess the whole of the continent which Providence (God) has given us for the development of… liberty and …self-government.”

3. Manifest Destiny definition • A mid-1800s idea that it was “obvious fate” that the U.S. had a right and a God-given responsibility to expand across the continent and extend American political, social, and economic ideas from sea to sea.

4. Before Manifest Destiny…

5. Before Manifest Destingy: The New Nation • In the late 1700s, our new nation was weak: small army and many debts. • France was at war with England and wanted our help. • The first president, George Washington, had a foreign policy called isolationism. • This meant the U.S. would be neutral and not get involved in European wars. • The next several presidents (into the early 1800s) continued this policy.

6. Discussion Questions Why do you think America continued the policy of isolationism for so long? The U.S. was not strong enough to become involved in foreign wars. How do you think the isolationism policy might have influenced Manifest Destiny in the 1800s? By staying out of Europe’s problems, U.S. could work on internal problems. Then U.S. could think about enlarging the country.

7. The New Nation continued • Thomas Jefferson, the 3rd president of the U.S., continued Washington’s policy of isolationism. • The now-stronger U.S. was doing business with many foreign countries. • In 1803, the United States paid France approximately $15 million dollars for the Louisiana Purchase. • U.S. farmers depended on the Mississippi River in the territory for fertile land and for transportation. • Jefferson wanted this land for the farmers. • Jefferson was an agrarian, who thought the U.S. economy would depend on farming for a long time.

8. Discussion Question What are TWO ways you think the Louisiana Purchase influenced and/or showed Manifest Destiny? • Doubled the size of the country • More people moved west • Businesses started in the territory • Farmers produced more food for the nation • Increased population

9. War of 1812: a failed attempt at Manifest Destiny • Fought between the United States and England • Began in 1812 and ended in 1815 • Fought in North America • Sometimes referred to as the “Second War for American Independence” • So, what caused this war?

10. Cause 1: Impressments • England and France had been at war since 1793. Both claimed that the U.S. could not trade with the other side. • England went so far as stopping U.S. trading ships heading to France; and when they did so, the British would board the U.S. ships to inspect the sailors. • If the British believed a sailor was actually a deserter of the British navy, they impressed (forced) him into the British navy. • Some died from brutal whippings and poor food provided to British sailors.

11. Cause 2: Desire for Land • By 1812, many Americans were hungry for more land– and some looked to land in Lower Canada • Recall, Canada was still ruled by Britain. • Many pioneers hated the British and blamed the British in Canada for helping Indians attack U.S. settlements on the frontier.

12. Cause 3: Indian Problems • Many Native Americans viewed Americans as a threat. • Americans had convinced or forced Indian tribes to give up their lands. • Indian warriors fought against Americans (with some help from the British) to prevent Americans from expanded into their lands.

13. The War of 1812: Important Events • U.S. failed to capture Canada after 3 tries– Americans were not successful at gaining any new land in Canada • The White House and Capitol were badly burned when British troops invaded Washington, D.C. • During the unsuccessful British attack on Baltimore, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star Spangled Banner. • U.S. defeated the British fleet and they were forced to surrender.

14. The War of 1812 • The Battle of New Orleans was the greatest U.S. victory of the war. • Andrew Jackson, a self-made man from South Carolina, was the General. • His troops killed 2,000 British troops, but only 20 Americans died. • He became a national hero.

15. Results of the War of 1812 • Diplomats from both countries wrote Treaty of Ghent which ended the war. • Both sides claimed victory, but it was more of a draw. • It had 3 major effects for the U.S. • The U.S. did not get Canada, but problems with England faded away • Native Americans were eventually driven out of Ohio • The hero Andrew Jackson would become president later in the 1820’s thanks to his service in this war

16. Andrew Jackson & the Cession of Florida (1819)

17. The Cession of Florida • Cede: means to formally give up something • Cession: means the act of ceding– the act of giving something up

18. The Cession of Florida • Since the 1500s, Florida belonged to Spain as a colony • After purchasing the Louisiana Territory, President Jefferson offered to buy Florida from Spain • Spain said “no deal”

19. The Cession of Florida • Many white Americans living in the south wanted the U.S. to take over Florida– for 2 main reasons: • Slave owners from Georgia were mad that slaves would runaway to Florida (the slaves were welcomed and accepted by the Seminole Indians) 2. White landowners in Georgia were upset by Seminole raids on their lands

20. The Cession of Florida • Spain could not prevent the slaves from running way AND Spain could not stop the Seminoles from raiding Georgia farmland • So…in 1818 President James Monroe sent Andrew Jackson– the hero of the Battle of New Orleans– to the Georgia/Florida border • Jackson was allowed to chase the raiding Seminoles back to Florida…and that was it.

21. The Cession of Florida • Jackson did more than he was ordered to do– he marched his U.S. troops into Spanish Florida (essentially invading another country without authority) • Spain demanded that the U.S. call Jackson out of Florida and punish him

22. The Cession of Florida • Rather than doing so, President Monroe sent Spain a message: either govern Florida properly (stop the raids, stop the runaway slaves) or get out • Spain, fearing war, agreed to cede Florida to the U.S. • In return, the U.S. agreed to honor Spain’s claim to the Texas territory • In 1819, the Florida territory officially became part of the United States through a treaty with Spain