Chapter 13 periodic motion

1. Chapter 13 periodic motion Collapse of the Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge in America in 1940 (p 415)

2. oscillation SHM Damped oscillation Forced oscillation kinematics dynamics Kinematics equation Dynamic equation Circle of reference Energy Superposition of shm

3. periodic motion / oscillation restoring force amplitude cycle period frequency angular frequency simple harmonic motion harmonic oscillator circle of reference phasor phase angle simple pendulum Key terms:

4. physical pendulum Damping Damped oscillation Critical damping overdamping underdamping driving force forced oscillation natural angular frequency resonance chaotic motion chaos

5. §1 Dynamic equation 1)dynamic equation Ideal model: A) spring mass system

6. B) The Simple Pendulum Small angle approximation sin

7. C) physical pendulum

8. Example: Tyrannosaurus rex and physical pendulum the walking speed of tyrannosaurus rex can be estimated from its leg length L and its stride length s

9. Conclusion:Equation of SHM Solution:

10. Example:A particle dropped down a hole that extends from one side of the earth, through its center, to the other side. Prove that the motion is SHM and find the period. Solution:

11. Example:An astronaut on a body mass measuring device (BMMD),designed for use on orbiting space vehicles,its purpose is to allow astronauts to measure their mass in the ‘weight-less’ condition in earth orbit. The BMMD is a spring mounted chair,if M is mass of astronaut and m effective mass of the BMMD,which also oscillate, show that

13. Example:the system is as follow,prove the block will oscillate in SHM Solution: We have

14. Alternative solution (1) (2) Take a derivative of y with respect to x

15. § 2 kinematic equation 2.1 Equation Solution:

17. 1) Amplitude (A): the maximum magnitude of displacement from equilibrium. 2.2)the basic quantity——amplitude、period,phase A) Basic quantity: 2) Angular frequency(): Spring-mass: Simple pendulum: Caution: is not angular frequency rather than velocity .it depends on the system

18. 3)Phase angle (  = t+ ): the status of the object. Lag in phase Ahead in phase Out of phase In phase

19. B) The formula to solve: A, ,  1)  is predetermined by the system. 2) A and  are determined by initial condition: if t=0, x=x0, v=v0 , Caution: Is fixed by initial condition

20. An object of mass 4kg is attached to a spring of k=100N.m-1. The object is given an initial velocity of v0=-5m.s-1 and an initial displacement of x0=1. Find the kinematics equation Solution:

21. Circle of reference method

22. SHM UCM A Amplitude Radius x Displacement Projection  Angular Frequency Angular Velocity  Phase Angle between OQ and axis-x  In first quadrant x(+), v(-), a(-) Compare SHM with UCM

23. Example:Find the initial phase of the two oscillation x(m) x(cm) 0.8 6 3 o o 1 t(s) 1 t(s) 2 1 6 1 3 /3 o x o 3 x 4 2

24. SHM: x-t graph,find 0 , a , b , and the angular frequency Solution: x (m) From circle of reference 2 a b 0 1 t (s) -2

25. § 3 Energy in SHM Kinetic energy: Potential energy: Total energy of the system:

27. Example:Spring mass system.particle move from left to right, amplitude A1. when the block passes through its equilibrium position, a lump of putty dropped vertically on to the block and stick to it. Find the kinetic equation suppose t=0 when putty dropped on to the block O Solution: k X M

28. Example:A wheel is free to rotate about its fixed axle,a spring is attached to one of its spokes a distance r from axle.assuming that the wheel is a hoop of mass m and radius R,spring constant k. a) obtain the angular frequency of small oscillations of this system b) find angular frequency and how about r=R and r=0

30. § 4. Superposition of SHM 4.1 mathematics method

31. B) circle of reference x1=A1cos( t+1 ) x2=A2cos( t+2 ) ω M M2 x=x1+x2=Acos( t+ ) A2 A A2 (2-1) A1 M1  2 1 o x x2 x1 x

32. Example:x1=3cos(2t+)cm, x2=3cos(2t+/2)cm, find the superposition displacement of x1 and x2. Solution: Draw a circle of reference,

34. § 5 Damped Oscillations 5.1 Phenomena 5.2 equation If damping force is relative small

35. overdamping underdamping No oscillation Critical damping Amplitude decrease

36. :§6 Forced Oscillations drive an oscillator with a sinusoidally varying force: The steady-state solution is where 0=(k/m)½ is the natural frequency of the system. The amplitude has a large increase near 0 - resonance

38. Computation physics

39. 1. Projectile motion with air resistance • Projectile motion with air resistance • (case study:p147)

40. 2. Tracing problem A plane moves in constant velocity due eastward,a missile trace it,suppose at anytime the missile direct to plane,speed is u,u>v,draw the path of missile (X,Y) (X0,h) v h (x,y) u x

41. (X,Y) y v h (x,y) u O x y(0)=0, x(0)=0 Y=h,X(0)=0

42. 3. Planets trajectory Example:the orbits of satellites in the gravitational field v Solution: r ms me

43. We get: reference :《大学物理》吴锡珑 p 149

44. 3. Planets trajectory Solution1: Newton’s laws

45. Solution2: conservation of mechanical energy