Educating Professionals to Improve Health Care

1. Educating Professionals to Improve Health Care April 12, 2007 Leslie W. Hall, MD University of Missouri - Columbia

2. How Do We Educate for Quality? • Key Concepts • Integrate material into curriculum to foster gradual increase in expertise • Connect to the care of patients • Assess outcomes • Offer interprofessional learning opportunities

3. Quality/Safety Education at University of Missouri • Interprofessional undergraduate education in quality/safety • 3rd year med student safety conferences • Achieving Competence Today (ACT) interprofessional curriculum • Patient safety crew training • Faculty Development • IHI Health Professions Education Collaborative

4. Curriculum on Patient Safety & Quality • Included in 2nd year medical curriculum beginning in 2003 • 8 hours of instruction • Didactic lectures & small group sessions • Includes simulated root cause analysis of adverse event

5. Curriculum on Patient Safety & Quality RT students MHA students 2006 Nursing students Medical students

6. Interprofessional Curriculum 2006 Week 1 – Health Care Team Week 2 – Improving the Health Care System Week 3 – Patient Safety Week 4 – Root Cause Analysis

7. Course Evaluation • Attitudes and self-reported behaviors around patient safety and quality assessed • Knowledge – based exam • Learner evaluations Surveys completed: Preclinical Clinical Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Curriculum administered

8. Educational Outcomes • Majority of learners felt the interprofessional nature of the training added value • Improvements in several patient safety attitudes noted post-training • For medical students, by end of third year, some regression in patient safety attitudes occurred.1 1Madigosky, W. S., Headrick, L.A., Nelson, K.J., Cox, K.R., & Anderson, T. Changing and Sustaining Medical Student Knowledge, Skills, and Attitudes about Patient Safety and Medical Fallibility. Acad Med 2006; 81:94-101.

9. # = Significant Change # # (Clinical clerkships) 1=Very Uncomfortable, 3=Neutral, 5=Very Comfortable Madigosky W, et al. Academic Medicine; 2006

10. Adding a Safety “Booster” Patient SafetyCurriculum Patient SafetyBoosters ½ of class – No booster ½ of class – Booster Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Preclinical Clinical

11. Comfort in analyzing a case to find the cause of an error… p = 0.03 1=Very Uncomfortable, 3=Neutral, 5=Very Comfortable

12. Interprofessional Curriculum 2007 45 min intro lecture 6 Hours of small group work Final presentation

13. Small Group Assignments • Analyze a case in which an adverse outcome noted • Map the process of care • Brainstorm system factors contributing to care breakdown • Consider system solutions to improve care • Create an aim statement and choose a measurement for one proposed improvement • Summarize analysis in a brief PowerPoint presentation

14. Value of IP Experience Percent of students who valued the interprofessional nature of experience

15. Perceived Benefit to Career Percent of students who felt experience would benefit future career

16. Potential Outcomes Measurements • Learners’ reactions • Modification of learners’ attitudes • Learners’ acquisition of knowledge or skills • Learners’ behavioral change • Change in organizational practice • Benefits to patients Most common outcomes measured for professional students

17. Summary of Lessons Learned (offered by students) • Interdisciplinary cooperation does work! • Value of different professional perspectives • Blaming doesn’t accomplish much • “Obvious” problems aren’t always that Obvious • There is a systematic way to change systems • Don’t bring a knife to a gunfight

18. Summary of Lessons Learned(offered by students) • Small changes in process flow can result in substantial benefits • Some problems are simply beyond your ability to control (Macro Issues) • There is no “I” in “TEAM”

19. Safety Competencies after IP Curriculum in Safety/Quality - 2007 * At the p < 0.05 level

20. Post-training Differences – 2006 vs. 2007 Understanding of Other Professions p = NS p < 0.001 % of respondents from each discipline agreeing with statement: “Involvement of multiple health care disciplines for quality and safety training enhances understanding of different professional perspectives”

21. Post-training Differences – 2006 vs. 2007 Understanding of Other Professions p < 0.001 % of respondents from each discipline agreeing with statement: “Involvement of multiple health care disciplines for quality and safety training enhances understanding of different professional perspectives”

22. Post-training Differences – 2006 vs. 2007Teamwork Skill Development p = NS p < 0.001 % of respondents from each discipline agreeing with statement: “Interprofessional learning is an effective strategy for teamwork skill development”

23. Post-training Differences – 2006 vs. 2007Teamwork Skill Development p < 0.001 % of respondents from each discipline agreeing with statement: “Interprofessional learning is an effective strategy for teamwork skill development”

24. Message from IP Curriculum 2007 • “Teaching” teamwork is neither engaging nor effective • Creating an environment conducive to teamwork, and structuring a task that demands teamwork, is effective in development of team skills.

25. Achieving Competence Today (ACT) • Curriculum in QI/patient safety, developed by Partnerships for Quality Education (PQE) • 2004-2005: 12 schools used curriculum for interprofessional learners • 2005-2006: 13 schools participated • 2006-2008: 6 schools funded by RWJF

26. ACT 2007 • Interprofessional model for experiential learning of quality improvement The Internal Med Team One MSN student One pharmacist Two inpatient nurses Four “integrated” residents Two attending physicians

27. ACT Timeline 1st Learning Session 2nd Learning Session 3rd Learning Session Project Presentations October November December January February March 2006 2007

28. ACT Timeline 1st Learning Session 2nd Learning Session 3rd Learning Session Project Presentations Ongoing Project Work and Experiential Learning October November December January February March 2006 2007

29. Learner Feedback Mean score of respondents to statement that the ACT experience helped them to develop greater teamwork skills or QI Skills 1 = Strongly disagree to 5 = Strongly agree

30. Learner Feedback Mean score of respondents to statement that the ACT experience helped them to understand the contributions made by other professionals and who felt the IP team was an important contributor to the value of ACT 1 = Strongly disagree to 5 = Strongly agree

31. Tracking Outcomes - ACT • Outcomes being analyzed: • Educational: Learner evaluations • Attitudes regarding other professions • Knowledge assessment (QIKAT) • Clinical outcomes of projects

32. ACT – Lessons Learned • Learning and patient care can be optimized simultaneously. • Health care learners bring key insights into the process of improving care. • Synergy is produced when we combine: • The idealism of health professionals in training with… • The realism of seasoned health care workers… • In the process of improving care

33. History of CRM Training at MU • First class – May, 2003 • Since then, appx 1200 trained • Feedback very positive

34. Bringing CRM Concepts to Life at UMHC • Med-Neuro ICU AM Pre-briefs • Time Out Check-list for OR

35. Safety Tool Implementation • Standardized nurse-to-nurse reports in ICUs • Pre-catheterization checklists • Post-cath handoffs from cath lab to floor

36. Safety Tool Implementation • One minute nurse-physician phone huddle for Family Medicine admits

37. Educating for Quality – What Are the Barriers? • Scheduling • Diversity of students and needs • Varying levels of clinical exposure • Lack of emphasis on current licensing exams • Lack of trained faculty • Competing demands on clinical staff • More opportunities than time

38. Faculty Development • Faculty champions needed at all levels of curriculum to succeed • Multiple concurrent efforts to advance faculty skills in quality/safety: • Revamping of M&M Conferences • Quality & Safety “Fellowships” • Quality Leadership Development Course planned for Fall, 2007 • IHI Health Professions Collaborative

39. IHI Health Professions Education Collaborative • Founded in 2002 • Mission – “Committed to the creation of exemplary learning and care models that promote the improvement of health care through both discipline-specific and interprofessional learning experiences.”

40. U Cincinnati U Connecticut U Chicago U Nebraska U Illinois U Indiana U Minnesota U Missouri U Louisville Case Western U Michigan State U Manitoba U Miami UNC Chapel Hill U South Florida U Tennessee Memphis Vanderbilt Univ Oregon U Dartmouth U Lehigh Valley Mayo Clinic IHI Health Professions Education Collaborative

41. Involves schools of medicine, nursing, health administration, pharmacy and health professions. Meets twice yearly for learning and sharing Engages national health care leaders to promote education about work of improvement IHI Health Professions Education Collaborative

42. How Do We Educate for Quality? • Key Concepts • Integrate material into curriculum to foster gradual increase in expertise • Connect to the care of patients • Assess outcomes • Offer interprofessional learning opportunities