Distribution Analysis/Smart Grid

1. Distribution Analysis/Smart Grid ECE 445: Senior Design Spring 2010 By: Kenny Koester & Greg Gillespie

2. Distribution Analysis/Smart Grid • Objective of Project • Distribution Analysis Overview • Small-Scale Model Overview • Challenges and Struggles • Future work and Discussion

3. Project Objective • Perform a distribution and cost analysis for Coles Moultrie Electric Cooperative (CMEC). • Design and construct a small-scale model of a portion of CMEC’s distribution system implementing “Smart Grid” technology.

4. Distribution Analysis Overview • CMEC will be adding a convention center to its distribution system. Giving an option of three substations, it was our job to determine the best substation to feed the center power.

5. Segment of CMEC System • Segment of CMEC Distribution Map

6. PowerWorld Simulation of System

7. Cost Analysis • Underground Cost: • Bore 100 ft.: $3000.00 • Trench 100ft.: $2000.00 • Terminator Pole: $3552.78 • Transformer Cost: $50,000.00 • Set Transformer: $1450.00 • Total Underground Cost: $60,002.80

8. Cost Analysis • Over-Head cost: • Convert 2.5 mi. of 1/0 to 4/0: • Poles with ground rod (10): $56,845.50 • Poles with out ground rod (28): $332,629.22 • Total Over-Head Cost: $389,475.72 • Overall Total Cost: $449,479.00

9. Small-Scale Model

10. Small-Scale Model Overview • We downsized CMEC’s distribution system by a scale of 60:1. • After downscaling we had the following measurements: • Voltage Supply: 7200V 120V • Line Impedance: • Sarah Bush: Z = 1.894 + j1.859  R = .03157 Ω • South Mattoon: Z = 1.827 + j1.9745  R = .03045 Ω

11. Goals of Small-Scale Model • Point-to-multipoint wireless communication to XBEEs through the use of LabView • Implement smart grid technology through power factor correction. (P.F. = .9) • Make use of dead-ends and fault switches throughout the model • Demonstrate how an interruptible account works

12. Small-Scale Model Overview

13. PowerWorld Simulation of Small-Scale Model

14. Components of Model • 1/6 HP Single Phase AC Motors • 48 micro Farad Capacitor boxes • Resistor boxes (83.33 Ω) • Voltage Sources (120V (AC) & DC supply) • 12 gauge wire • Sarah Bush: 16.88ft South Mattoon: 16.25ft • PCBs

15. Printed Circuit Boards Components • XBEE • 100 µF Capacitor • LED • 15 Ω resistor • 2N7000 MOSFET • T75 series relay • Banana Ports

16. Picture of PCB (Single Relay) T75 RELAY 100µF Capacitor 2N7000 MOSFET 15 Ω Resistor XBEE Mount L.E.D

17. Layout of Single Relay PCB in Eaglesoft

18. PCBs Controlling Capacitor Banks 2N7000 MOSFETs 15 Ω Resistors L.E.D. T75 Relays XBEE Mount 100µF Capacitor

19. Layout of Capacitor Bank PCBs inEaglesoft

20. Tests Ran on Motors Two motors using 120V Four Motors using 120V P = 396 W Current = 12.65 Power Factor = .263 • Power = 192 W • Current = 6.09A • Power Factor = .263 One Motor using 120 V • Power = 94 W • Current = 3.11A • Power Factor = .246

21. XBEE Communication • XBEE: 802.15.4 • XBEE Mounted on RS-232 Interface Board Antenna On/Off Input Power RS-232 Port

22. XBEE Communication • Star (point-to-multipoint) • More Recent XBEEs use mesh communication

23. XBEE Communication • Our XBEEs are Programmed in a program called X-CTU. • We programmed our XBEEs to communicate with HEX coding by enabling them in API mode. • Our code sends out HI and LO signals that the XBEE can recognized in HEX coding

24. XBEE Communication Using LabView • The XBEEs on our circuit are controlled by a program created in LabView. • In LabView we created a user interface. This was to make the communication between XBEEs easier for the operator.

25. LabView User Interface

26. Power Factor Correction • This was done by adding capacitor banks in parallel with our motors • We calculated the correct amount of capacitance by using the following equation: C = (VARs)/(ωV2 )

27. Dead-End/Fault Switches Goal: To keep the maximum amount of customers with power at all times. This helps to maximize a utility company’s income. Uses: • To repair power lines when there is a fault. • To work on substations.

28. Interruptible Account • Our model will have a load (motor) that will represent the convention center (new load on CMEC’s system). This motor will be set up on an interruptible account. This occurs during peak load times during different months. • Benefits: • The Convention Center will get a better rate on their electric bill • CMEC will get billed less for not consuming as much power during peak load periods.

29. Challenges and Struggles • Deciding best way to model the loads. • Obtaining a power factor of at least .9 . • Creating a circuit that could switch our relays open or closed using the output from our XBEEs. • Making our small-scale model work in PowerWorld. • Getting our XBEEs to communicate. • Getting LabView to communicate with our XBEEs

30. Future Work • By using XBEE Pro modules, we could set up a mesh network with all of the XBEEs on our model. • There is also the possibility of reading in many different parameters on the line with the XBEE and sending them back to the main control center. (SCADA system) • Making the system much larger is also a possibility.

31. Special Thanks to: • Prof. Sauer and Prof. Garcia • CMEC • Kevin Colravy • Tamer Rousan • Ali Bazzi • Jamie Weber (Power World) • Prof. Carney • Mark Smart • Part Shop and Machine Shop