Year 1 - Chapter 1/Cisco 1 - Module 1 Computer Basics

1. Year 1 - Chapter 1/Cisco 1 - Module 1Computer Basics By Robert M. Cannistra Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

2. Objectives • Describe the basic computer hardware components • Understand computer software basics • Understand the binary numbering system • Define networks and networking • Define digital bandwidth Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

3. Computer Hardware Components • Electronic Components • Connector, IC, LED, resistor, transistor • Personal Computer Subsystems • Bus, CD-ROM drive, CPU, disk drives, microprocessor, motherboard, RAM, ROM • Backplane Components • Mouse port, network card, parallel port Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

4. All Computers Have a CPU, Memory, Storage, and Interfaces. Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

5. Network Interface Cards • When you select a network card, consider the following three factors: • Type of network • Type of media • Type of system bus • Installing a NIC in a PC Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

6. Computer Software • Web Browsers • A Web browser acts on behalf of a user by • Contacting a Web server • Requesting information • Receiving information • Displaying the results on a screen • Plug-Ins • Flash/Shockwave, QuickTime, Real Audio Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

7. Number Systems • Knowing What Base Someone Refers To • Decimal uses 10 digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. • Binary uses 2 digits: 0 and 1. • Base Conventions • 101 in Base 2 is spoken as one zero one. • Working with Exponents • 103 = 10 X 10 X 10 = 1000 • 24 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16 • Binary Numbers • Use principle of place value just as decimal numbers do Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

8. Base 10 (Decimal) Numbers Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

9. Base 10 Calculations • The upper table shows the actual math. • The lower table is a simplified version that requires the following: • Start the value row and position row with 1 in the rightmost box. • Each subsequent value is current value times the base (10 in this case) • Value to be calculated is entered in the digit row. • Multiply digit amount times value entry above. Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

10. Base 2 Table Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

11. Base 2 (Binary) Numbers Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

12. Base 2 Calculations8-Bit Values Binary Value: 10101010 Start the value row and position row with 1 in the rightmost box. Each subsequent value is the current value times the base (2 in this case). Binary Value: 11101001 Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

13. Binary Number System • Even and Odd • A binary number is a multiple of 2 (even number) if the rightmost digit is a 0. • A binary number is odd if the rightmost digit is 1. Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

14. Converting Decimal to Binary Example: 35 = 32 + 2 + 1 = 00100011 Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

15. Converting Decimal to Binary Start by dividing the decimal by the largest number in the Value row that will go. Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

16. The table will work with larger numbers, such as this 12-bit example. - Sometimes its easier to subtract the 0 values from 255 (largest 8-bit value). Looking at the Table Relationships For any number in the value row, the sum of all numbers to the right is the current value minus 1 (64 - 1 = 63). Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

17. Powers of 2 for Non-Math Majors • Powers of 2 are used extensively in networking. • One solution: • Start with 2 (which is 21). • Double the number to get the next value. • If you need 26, continue until you have 6 values. Look over the example to the right. The second column is included only for reference. Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

18. Binary Number System Exercises • Convert the binary number 1010 to Base 10. • Convert the Base 2 number 11110000 to decimal notation. • Convert the decimal number 1111 to binary notation. • Convert the decimal number 198 to binary notation. Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

19. Network and Networking • Data Networks • Data Networking Solutions • Local-area networks • Wide-area networks Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

20. LANS Are Designed To: • Operate within a limited geographic area • Allow many users to access high-bandwidth media • Provide full-time connectivity to local services • Connect physically adjacent devices Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

21. LAN Devices Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

22. WAN Technologies Include • Analog modems • Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) • Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) • Frame Relay • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) • T (US) and E (Europe) Carrier Series: T1, E1, T3, E3 • Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

23. WAN Devices Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

24. Bandwidth Measurements Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

25. Digital Bandwidth • Two Analogies That Describe Digital Bandwidth • Width of a pipe • Number of lanes on a highway • Media Bandwidth Differences • Category 5 UTP – 100 meters maximum physical distance • Multimode (62.5/125um) optical fiber – 2000 meters • Modem – 56 Kbps = 0.056 Mbps • T1 – 1.544 Mbps Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

26. Bandwidth Pipe Analogy Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

27. Bandwidth Highway Analogy Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

28. Digital Bandwidth (cont.) • Data Throughput in Relation to Digital Bandwidth • Factors that determine: internetworking devices, type of date being transferred, topology, number of users, user’s computer • Data Transfer Calculation • Estimated time = size of file / bandwidth • Why Is Bandwidth Important? • Bandwidth is finite! Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

29. Media Bandwidth Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual

30. Importance of Bandwidth Cisco Press: CCNA Instructor’s Manual