Temporal Reasoning Intro to TimeML

1. Temporal ReasoningIntro to TimeML cs112 October, 2004

2. TimeML: what it is • Standard language for the mark-up of: • temporal expressions • events • temporal anchoring of events (relations between events and temporal expressions) • temporal ordering of events (relations between events and other events)

3. TimeML: goals • Long term aim: provide the basic background for: • Temporal inference • QAS to be able to answer questions like: • Is Gates currently CEO of Microsoft? • Were there any meetings between the hijackers and Iraq before the WTC event? • … • Creation of a gold standard corpus with temporal expressions, events and basic temporal relations marked up.

4. An example “Two Russians and a Frenchman left the Mir and endured a rough landing on the snow-covered plains of Central Asia on Thursday. The two Russians arrived on the Mir last August. Solovyou celebrated his 50th birthday during his six-month space voyage.”

5. An example “Two Russians and a Frenchman left the Mir and endured a rough landing on the snow-covered plains of Central Asia onThursday. The two Russians arrived on the Mir last August. Solovyou celebrated his 50th birthday during his six-month space voyage.”

6. What to annotate • Time Expressions (timex) • Events • Signals • Links We’ll mark them up with a set of attributes.

7. What to annotate: TIMEX3

8. What to annotate: TIMEX3 • Durations: • 4 hours, the whole week, half a year, … • Calendar dates: (=points in time equal or bigger than a day) • Precise dates:March 16, 2003; two years ago today; yesterday; • Vague dates:few days ago; ending of March; • Week references:the 2nd week of January; several weeks later; • Yearly quarters and halves:the 4th quarter; beginning last semester; • Seasons:last Summer; Fall 1998; • Year references: the 60s, 1920 • Decades, centuries and millenia:the last decade • Times of Day: (=points in time smaller than a day) • Precise times:7:30am; Tuesday, March 25 at 12:00pm; … • Vague times:several minutes before • Parts of day:Saturday afternoon, yesterday early in the morning • Sets (reoccurring time expressions): • Two times a week, every day, …

9. Attributes for the tag TIMEX3 • Timex ID(automatically assigned) • Type: • DATE, for expressions describing a calendar date: the second of December, yesterday, the summer of 1971, Tuesday, ... • TIME, for expressions describing a times of day: five minuts past eight; 7:30am; 9:00 am Friday, October 1, 1755; • DURATION: 2 months, 48 hours, all last night, three weeks. • SET • Value: • ISO value for the time expression. Feb 27, 1998 08:14 “1998-02-27T08:14:00” twelve weeks “P12W”

10. Attributes for the tag TIMEX3 (2) • Mod:

11. Attributes for the tag TIMEX3 (3) • temporalFunction: binary attribute F: the timex provides all the info: • Twelve o’clock January 3, 1969 • Summer of 1964 T: the timex doesn’t contain all the info needed to locate it at a specific point of time (therefore, a temporal function needs to be applied): • eleven in the morning • yesterday • next year • anchorTimeID: • Use only when ‘temporalFunction’ attribute is set to TRUE • Refers to the temporal anchor for the “incomplete” timex.

12. Attributes for the tag TIMEX3 (4) • functionInDocument: • CREATION TIME • MODIFICATION TIME • PUBLICATION TIME • RELEASE TIME • RECEPTION TIME • NONE • At most, once per document • Generally ‘CREATION TIME’

13. Example of annotated TIMEXs Mary left on Thursday and John arrived the day after. Mary left on <TIMEX3 tid="t1" type="DATE” value="1998-WXX-4" temporalFunction="true” anchorTimeID="t0"> Thursday </TIMEX3> and John arrived <TIMEX3 tid="t2" type="DATE” value="1998-WXX-5" temporalFunction="true” anchorTimeID="t1"> the day </TIMEX3> after

14. Example of annotated TIMEXs TERQAS Workshop will resume Monday, July 15. The session will start at 9:00 a.m. TERQAS Workshop will resume <TIMEX3 tid="t1" type="DATE" value="2002-07-15” temporalFunction="true" anchorTimeID="t0"> Monday, July 15 </TIMEX3> . The session will start at <TIMEX3 tid="t2" type="TIME" value=" 2002-07-15 T9:00" temporalFunction="true" anchorTimeID="t1"> 9:00 a.m. </TIMEX3>

15. What to annotate: EVENTs

16. What to annotate: EVENTs • Tensed Verbs: A fresh flow of lava, gas and debris erupted there Saturday. • Untensed verbs: Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu called the prime minister of the Netherlands to thank him for thousands of gas masks his country has already contributed. • Nominalizations: Israel will ask the US to delay a military strike against Iraq until the Jewish state is fully prepared for a possible Iraqi attack. • Adjectives: A Philippine volcano, dormant for six centuries, began exploding with searing gases, thick ash and deadly debris. • Prepositional phrases: All 75 people on board the Aeroflot Airbus died. • Predicative Clauses: "There is no reason why we would not be prepared," Mordechai told the Yediot Ahronot daily.

17. Attributes for the tag EVENT • Event ID:(automatically assigned) • Class: • REPORTING:say, report, announce, … • PERCEPTION: see, hear, watch, feel. • ASPECTUAL: begin, start, finish, stop, continue. • I_ACTION: attempt, try, promise, offer, regret,… • I_STATE: believe, want, wish,… • STATE: be on board, kidnapped, recovering, love, .. • OCCURRENCE: die, crash, build, merge, sell, take advantage of, ..

18. Example of annotated EVENTs Israel may ask the United States to delay a military strike against Iraq until the Jewish state is fully prepared for a possible Iraqi attack. Israel may <EVENT eid="e1" class="I_ACTION”> ask </EVENT> the United States not to <EVENT eid="e2" class="I_ACTION”> delay </EVENT> a military <EVENT eid="e3" class="OCCURRENCE”> strike </EVENT> against Iraq until the Jewish state is fully <EVENT eid="e4" class="I_STATE”> prepared </EVENT> for a possible Iraqi <EVENT eid="e5" class="OCCURRENCE”> attack </EVENT>

19. What to annotate: MAKEINSTANCEs

20. Attributes for MAKEINSTANCE • Event Instance ID: (automatically assigned) • Event ID:(automatically assigned) • Tense: (only pertinent for verbs) • PAST:John decided/had decided not to go. • PRESENT:John decides/has decided not to go. • FUTURE: John will decide/will have decided not to go. • NONE: John decided not to go / John’s decision ... • Aspect: (only pertinent for verbs) • PROGRESSIVE:[BE + -ing]John is/was/will be eating • PERFECTIVE: [HAVE + Ppart]John has/had/will have eaten • PERFECTIVE_PROGRESSIVE:John has/had been eating • NONE:John eats/ate/will eat

21. Attributes for MAKEINSTANCE • nf_morph: • NOUN:John’s decision was not to go. • ADJECTIVE:Sue was ashamed of John’s decision. • INFINITIVE: John decidednot to go. • PRESPART: While playing, John broke his leg. • PASTPART: Steel plates found at the scene are being analyzed by experts. • Polarity: • POS: no negation present John went. • NEG: negation present John did not go. • Modality • Modal Auxiliars like: could, can, might, may, must, should,… • Signal_ID --see the guidelines • Cardinality --see the guidelines

22. Example of annotated MIs Israel may ask the United States to delay a military strike against Iraq… Israel may <EVENT eid="e1" class="I_ACTION”> ask </EVENT> <MI eiid=“ei1” eid=“e1” tense=“NONE” aspect=“NONE” nf_morph=“NONE” modality=“may”/> the United States to <EVENT eid="e2" class="I_ACTION”>delay </EVENT> <MI eiid=“ei2” eid=“e2” tense=“NONE” aspect=“NONE” nf_morph=“INFINITIVE”/> a military <EVENT eid="e3" class="OCCURRENCE"> strike</EVENT> <MI eiid=“ei3” eid=“e3” tense=“NONE” aspect=“NONE” nf_morph=“NOUN”/>

23. What to annotate: SIGNALs

24. What to annotate: SIGNALs • Temporal prepositions: on, in, at, from, to, before, after, during, etc. • Temporal conjunctions: before, after, while, when, etc. • Temporal modifiers: (only when modifying events) twice, every, three times, etc. • Special characters: - and /, in temporal expressions denoting ranges (September, 4-6, Apr. 1999/Jul. 1999, etc.).

25. Attributes for the tag SIGNAL • Signal ID: automatically assigned (they are very boring!)

26. Example of annotated SIGNALs • Temporal Prepositions, Conjunctions and Modifiers: John taught <SIGNAL sid="s1">on</SIGNAL> Monday All passengers died <SIGNAL sid="s1">when</SIGNAL> the plane crashed into the mountain.

27. What to annotate: LINKs

28. What to annotate: LINKs • Temporal: TLINK It represents the temporal relationship holding between events or between an event and a timex: Mary arrived in Boston last Thursday. • Aspectual: ALINK It represent the relationship between an aspectual event and its argument event. She finishedassembling the table. • Subordination: SLINK It is used for contexts introducing relations between an I-ACTION/I-STATE event and its event argument, or an event and a negation or modal : She tried to buy some wine.

29. relType: the attribute for TLINK • Simultaneous: (only for pairs of events) Mary was watching TV while John was frying the eggs. • Before/After: Mary had decided not to help him. (wrt ‘watching’ or ‘frying’ in the previous sentence). • Immediately before/Immediately after: One of the eggs crashed as soon as it touched the pan. • Including/Being included: Mary arrived in Boston last Thursday. • During: (states or events that persist through a duration) John fried eggs for 20 minutes on Monday. • Beginning/Begun by: John fried eggs from 6:00pm to 6:20pm. • Ending/Ended by: John fried eggs from 6:00pm to 6:20pm. • Identity: (only for pairs of events) Mary was resting for a while. After her rest, she took a bath.

30. relType: the attribute for SLINK • Modal, introduced mainly by: • I_States : Mary wanted John to buy some wine. • I_Actions: John tried to get ticket for the final. • Factive, for I-events introducing some presupposition: John forgot he was in Boston last year. • Counter-factive, for I-events introducing a presupposition about the non-veracity of its argument: • forget (to), prevent, cancel, avoid, decline, etc. • Evidential, mainly introduced by Reporting and Perception events: • say, report, see, hear, .. • Negative Evidential, introduced by Reporting events that convey negative polarity: John denied he bought only beer.

31. relType: the attribute for ALINK • Initiation: John started to read. • Culmination: John finishedassembling the table. • Termination: John stoppedtalking. • Continuation: John kepttalking.

32. Final remark Please, read the Annotation Guidelines!