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Tomohiko Fukushima SOF Institute for Ocean Policy, Ship and Ocean Foundation, JAPAN

Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica. Abundances of Megabenthic Organisms in Areas of Manganese Nodules, Cobalt-Rich Crust and Polymetallic Sulphide. Tomohiko Fukushima SOF Institute for Ocean Policy, Ship and Ocean Foundation, JAPAN. Workshop by the ISA

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Tomohiko Fukushima SOF Institute for Ocean Policy, Ship and Ocean Foundation, JAPAN

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  1. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Abundances of Megabenthic Organisms in Areas of Manganese Nodules, Cobalt-Rich Crust and Polymetallic Sulphide Tomohiko Fukushima SOF Institute for Ocean Policy, Ship and Ocean Foundation, JAPAN

  2. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Outline 1. Megabenthos distributions (abundances, faunal compositions, feeding habitats) ・・・・・. 2. Manganese nodule areas, Cobalt-Rich Crust areas and Polymetallic Sulphide areas 　・・・・・・・・. 3. Photo-transect methods (recommended by the environmental guideline for manganese nodules development)　・・・・・・・. 4. As results, simple outputs were obtained, however problems remained. 5. Take into considerations of the problems　・・・・・・. For contractors ( also for the LTC)　・・・・ another quantitative methods should be considered, or different types of a regulation is required.

  3. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Contents • Introduction: • backgrounds, rationales • 2. Methods and Materials: • data source, data collection, study sites, rules of identification etc. • 3. Results and Discussion • characteristics of megabenthos distribution in each sites, • sediment property in each sites, duties of contractors, • 4. Conclusions • * Japanese Approach

  4. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Introduction

  5. Underwater oil production TotalFinaelf website Compliant Piled Tower www.hess.com/gb260/bb.htm Gas-hydrate Scientific American 2000, 30 Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Introduction Human activities in deep sea

  6. Manganese Nodules (Metal Mining Agency of Japan) Cobalt-Rich Crust (Metal Mining Agency of Japan) Polymetallic Sulphide (Metal Mining Agency of Japan) Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Introduction Deep-Sea Mineral Resources

  7. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Introduction Environmental Protection 1962　“Silent Spring”Rachel Carson 1966 “The Limits to Growth” Roman Club 1972　“Polluter-Pays Principle” OECD 1992 “United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: UNCLOS” adoption 1992 “Convention on Biological Diversity” 1994 International Seabed Authority 2000 Mining Code (by the ISA) 2001 Environmental Guideline (the ISA)

  8. RV Challenger Basket star Agassiz, 1888 Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Introduction Environmental “Unknown World”

  9. Introduction Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Abundances of deep-sea benthic organisms in a Pacific Ocean after Fukushima, 2004

  10. Introduction Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Corporative Research between SOPAC and Metal Mining Agency of Japan JAPAN SOPAC International Technical Cooperative Project ○Camera/video observations for exploration of mineral resources ○After finish the projects, photographic data can be used for the aims of Megabenthos observation.

  11. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Introduction In environmental study, include assessment studies, it is important to quantity the abundance of the community being studied. Deep-sea environmental studies is not exception. However, our knowledge is so little that it is fair to call the deep sea areas an “unknown world”. Even the present, information regarding abundance is much less than that of shallower water. Metal Mining Agency of Japan conducted a basic survey of exploration of mineral resources in the South Pacific Ocean for the SOPAC. Photographic data of exploration can be re-used for an environmental study. In this presentation, abundances of megabenthic organisms in the areas of manganese nodules, cobalt rich crusts and polymetallic sulphides are compared. And the problems to estimate abundances of megabenthos are addressed.

  12. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Materials and Methods -photo transect methods- Recommended by the environmental guideline prepared for a manganese nodules development

  13. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Materials and Methods Still photographs / Continuous Deep- Sea Camera System (CDC) Period: 1987- 1999 Presented by JOGMEC and SOPAC

  14. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Materials and Methods Continuous Deep- Sea Camera System (CDC)

  15. http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/mapcenter Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Materials and Methods Observation sites

  16. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Materials and Methods Table Number of Materials and covered area

  17. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Materials and Methods Identification

  18. Xenophyophorea Left: Tendal, 1972, Right: Blum, H. White Spots Motile fauna; Shrimp Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Materials and Methods

  19. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Materials and Methods Feeding Types a. Suspension feeder: Porifera, Cnidaria, Crinoidea, Ascidiacea b. Deposit feeder: Holothuroidea, Echinoidea, Hemichordata c. Others: Annelida, Mollusca, Asteroidea, Ohiuroidea,

  20. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Materials and Methods Sediment Types a. Clay or Ooze (CO): most of the part of seabed was covered by clay or ooze. b. Poor Manganese Nodules area (PM): less than 30% of manganese nodules. c. Rich Manganese Nodules area (RM): more than 30% of manganese nodules. d. Rocky or Cobble area (CR): rocks or cobbles are lying on the seafloor. e. Crust area (CR): covered by crust.

  21. b Poor manganese nodules area (PM) a. Clay and ooze (CO) e. Crust area (CR) d. Rocky or Cobble area (RC) c. Rich Manganese Nodules area (RM) Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Materials and Methods Sediment Types

  22. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Results and Discussion

  23. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Results and Discussion Seafloor conditions of manganese nodules area

  24. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Results and Discussion Seafloor conditions of Cobalt Rich Crust area

  25. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Results and Discussion Seafloor conditions of Polymetallic Sulphides area

  26. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Results and Discussion Faunae

  27. Eureteerectum (?) Hyalonema sp Semperella sp. Caulophacus cf. elatus Sericolophus sp. (?) Hyalonema sp Results and Discussion Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Phylum: Porifera (Sponges)

  28. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Results and Discussion Phylum: Cnidaria Class: Actinaria

  29. Acanthogorgia sp(?) Calyptrophora sp (?) Iridigirgia sp. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Results and Discussion Phylum: Cnidaria Class: gorgonacea

  30. Ellisella sp. Cirrhipathes sp (?) Virgularia sp.(?) Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Results and Discussion Phylum: Cnidaria Class: Pennatulacea

  31. Proisocrinus sp (?) Proisocrinus sp (?) Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Results and Discussion Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Crinoidea

  32. Benthodytes typica (?) Benthodytes sp(1) Synallactesprofundi (?) Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Results and Discussion Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Holothuroidea

  33. ( burrowing sea urchin) Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Results and Discussion Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Echinoidea

  34. ( Brachyura ) ( galathelid crab :Anomura) Aristaemorph sp. (Macrura) ( galathelid crab :Anomura) ( Brachyura ) Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Results and Discussion Phylum: Arthuropoda Class: Crustacea

  35. Benthypteris grallator ( Tripodfish ) Typhlonus nasus Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Results and Discussion Phylum: Vertebrata Class: Osteichthyes

  36. Freyella sp (eight arms) Freyella sp (five arms) Hymenaster sp. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Results and Discussion Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Asteroidea (sea star)

  37. Enteropneusta Octopus (Mollusca, Cephalopoda ) Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Results and Discussion Others

  38. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Results and Discussion Abundance 31±23 (inds±SD) 193±329 (inds±SD) 426±418 (inds±SD)

  39. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Results and Discussion Feeding Habitat 21 33 37 29 60 65 34 14 8

  40. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Results and Discussion Summary

  41. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Results and Discussion Problems Infauna / Protozoa: By means of photo-transect methods, infaunal species and protozoans were ignored. Survey site selection In order to compare between distribution of megabenthos, different ways of the site selection are required.

  42. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Recommended subjects by the environmental guideline

  43. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Recommended subjects by the environmental guideline

  44. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Recommended subjects by the environmental guideline

  45. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Conclusions 1. Distributions of megabenthos in areas of manganese nodules, cobalt-rich crust and polymetallic sulphide were surveyed, by the photo transect methods, which was recommended by the environmental guideline prepared for manganese nodules development. 2. Although characteristics of megabenthos distributions in each site was understood in some extents, problems remained. Particularly to an accuracy of quantitative data sets. 3. According to the mining code, contractors must submitted reports on environmental baseline data and prediction of environmental impact resulting from mining. In addition, these results must be reviewed by the LTC. 4. If megabenthos data is included a regulation for CRC and PS development, intercariblational methods would be required for both contractors and the LTC.

  46. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Supplement Japanese Approaches for deep-sea mineral resources development

  47. Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6-10 Kingston Jamaica Japanese Approach Manganese nodule:1975 – 1999 exploration research1975 – 1999 environmental research 1990 - 1997 Cobalt Rich Crust: 1987- present exploration research 1987- present environmental research 1998-2001 Polymetallic Sulphide: 1985 - present exploration research 1985 – present environmental research not yet

  48. The Fifth (2003) ISOPE Ocean Mining Symposium 2003 September 15-19,Tsukuba, Japan Thank you for your kind attention

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