Unit 1.3

1. Unit 1.3 Opportunities for participation

2. Concepts and Definitions • From Play to Sport

3. Characteristics and Objectives • Play • Leisure and Recreation • Active leisure • Outdoor and Adventurous activities • Sport • Physical Education

4. PLAY - characteristics

5. Play - objectives Children Adults Escape reality To be childlike Creativity and fantasy • Test boundaries • Experience risk within safe limits • Socialisation • Promotes independence • Develops respect • Allows social interaction

6. Leisure • Used to be for privileged few – now essential for normal life • Done during FREE TIME • CHOICE • RELAXATION • ENJOYMENT

7. Recreation – “active positive and beneficial” – similar to leisure + • Refresh mind and body • Recuperate • “re-create” – be creative – participate in activities for self-fulfilment • Physical Recreation does all that through physical activity

8. Active Leisure • Physical recreation normally linked to sport • Sport – competitive – not everyone wants competition • Everyone does need physical activity for health benefits • Active Leisure – physically active in leisure time – jogging, swimming, aerobics walking • “Lifetime sports”

9. Outdoor and Adventurous Activites • Popularity increased in last 70 years • Government support • More availability

10. Characteristics Outdoor Recreation Adventure Activities Same environment Element of challenge and risk All adventure activities considered outdoor recreation • Activity done in natural environment – woods, lakes • Not all outdoor recreation is adventure

11. Outdoor and Adventure education • Using natural environment as classroom • Children experience danger and risk in controlled manner • Benefits • Appreciate natural environment • Skills – map reading etc.. • Team work • leadership

12. Challenge and Risk • Difference between outdoor and adventure lies in the concept of challenge and risk • Adventure activities have an element of perceived or actual risk • Perceived risk – dependent on skills and experience and actions they take • Actual Risk – real danger – real risk – cannot be eliminated no matter how skilful

13. Risk • Risk relates to predictability • If risk is predictable it is avoidable – danger is subjective – linked to knowledge and expertise • At other end of scale a situation can be so unpredictable that danger is real and objective • Mortlock – experience – risk continuum page 131

14. objectives Outdoor rec/education Adventure activities Excitement, thrill, fear Self-reliance Self awareness/discovery Leadership Team work Trust • Learn to appreciate natural environment • Active leisure, lifetime sport • Experience beyond normal routine • Escape from mundane

15. Urban adventure • Cost may prevent those from cities experiencing outdoor and adventurous activity • Overcome by using parks, canals, climbing walls • Free running has developed to use features in the city to experience the thrill of outdoor education

16. Sport • Major part of modern life – “new religion” • Sport England – 5 million people gave 1 billion hours to sport on a voluntary basis • Billion pound industry

17. Defining Sport • Coakley defines Sport as…. • "Sports are institutionalized competitive activities that involve rigorous physical exertion or the use of relatively complex physical skills by participants motivated by internal and external rewards."

18. Sport Institutionalised Intrinsic/Extrinsic Why people play Intrinsic – internal factors – enjoyment, satisfaction Extrinsic – external – medals, prizes, money, trophies, praise Most people motivated by a combination of the two • Fixed competitive structures – leagues, cups- overseen by governing body • Standardised rules – set by governing body • Rules enforced by officials • Strategies for play, training, positions, equipment • Codes of conduct

19. Categories of sport Based on National curriculum activities – and distinctive characteristic Games – sub divisions Invasion - Football Striking and Field - Cricket Combat - Judo Target - Golf Net sports - Tennis • Dance - aesthetic • Games - outwitting opponents • Gymnastics - replication • Swimming and Water Safety • Athletic Activities – maximising speed or distance • Outdoor and Adventurous – challenge and risk

20. A sport is…. • Competitive • Selective by ability and excellence • Serious – commitment needed • Requires physical endeavour • Organised • Involves “sportsmanship” – codes of conduct – fair play – morals • Is Darts a Sport?

24. Physical Education - characteristics • “learning through the physical” • Formal body of knowledge with an educational philosophy • Learnt through experience of physical activity • Learning fundamental physical/motor skills • Learning rules, tactics and etiquette of a range of activities. • A means of developing positive social and personal values such as teamwork and cooperation. • To develop the ability to appreciate the quality of movement • To understand Health-Related Fitness • To develop a lifelong love and engagement with exercise, physical activity and sport.

25. How PE, Sport and Recreation overlap

26. Physical activity continuum • Level of organisation Play Leisure Physical Rec/Active Leisure Outdoor PE Sport Least organised most organised • Competition Play Leisure Outdoor Physical Rec/Active Leisure PE Sport Least competitive most competitive

27. Benefits of Physical activity

29. Exam Questions • January 09 2aMark scheme • June 08 1Mark Scheme • June 08 2abcMark scheme • June 08 4Mark Scheme • Jan 08 1abMark Scheme • June 07 3aMark Scheme

30. Leisure Provision • Physical Activity has major benefits to society in terms of health and the reduction of anti-social behaviour. • Provided by three sectors • Public • Private • Voluntary • What are the characteristics and goals of each?

31. Public Sector • Provided from taxation – local or national • Or through other forms of government or public support – e.g lottery. • Local authorities have responsibility for building and maintaining recreation facilities • Provided for the public good • Some user groups are subsidised

33. Private Sector • Commercial companies • Run for profit • Growing sector – many employment opportunities • Rapid expansion in last 20 years • High quality • Higher cost for membership • Exclusive

36. Inequality of opportunity – advantages and disadvantages of each sector • Government keen to see more people physically active for 3 reasons • Improved health – less burden on the NHS • Reduce crime and anti-social behaviour by engaging people in purposeful physical activity • Enhance community esteem and cohesion • 3 sectors because – one sector alone cannot achieve all this • Inequality because.. • Some local areas poorly provided • Individuals lack resources • Not everyone aware of the benefits • Social exclusion or discrimination

37. How good is each sector at providing “sport for all”Private Sector Advantages Disadvantages Costs high Restrictions – long waiting lists – exclusive Discrimination – rules to prevent some people joining Sport may suffer – thought only for certain types of people – tennis – middle class • React quickly to demand • Meet individual needs • Restrict membership – so facility is rarely over-crowded

38. Voluntary Sector Advantages Disadvantages Unplanned and relatively uncontrolled – relies on goodwill No equal opps remit Continuity not guaranteed – relies on voluntary enthusiasm No guarantee of financial support Can still be socially exclusive • Just needs enthusiasm • Huge range of activities • Exist for the benefit of the people • Voluntary efforts keep costs low • Lots of financial support from government • Sponsors often keen to help

39. Public Sector Advantages Disadvantages Funds often limited – may not be enough Local authorities in economically disadvantaged areas may have less to spend Less financial freedom to borrow money to invest in facilities for the future • Required to act in the public good • Resources allocated for this purpose • Not driven by profit motive

40. “Best Value” – improving the public sector • 1980’s introduced Compulsory Competitive Tendering (CCT) – Local authorities had to invite private companies to tender for the provision of local services. The best bid won the right to provide the leisure services for that area. • Replaced in 2000 with “Best Value” • Government policy aimed to improve local government services – including leisure and recreation – system operates around best value performance indicators – leisure services departments are inspected regularly and judged against criteria known as the 4C’s

41. 4 C’s • Challenge – are councils doing as well as they can, compared to the best councils • Consult – do they ask local communities what they think • Compare – do they compare performance with other councils and the private and voluntary sector • Compete – have they demonstrated that they are managing the services in the best way possible.

43. The role of National Government • Department for Culture, Media and Sport • “playground to podium” • Sport England – one of the National sports Councils – primarily concerned with • Increased participation • UK Sport – development of elite performers

44. SPORT ENGLAND • Developing community sport and increasing participation nationwide • Major Policy – National Framework for Sport • Key Partners – NGB’s, Sport Equity Alliance, National Sport foundation to address inequality for some groups • Liase with – Youth Sport Trust and UK Sport to create structure from first experience to elite performance • Achieves objectives through local initiatives putting into practice national framework • Locally works with councils, schools and clubs • Allocates funding from taxation and the lottery to achieve objectives • Provides advice to local and national providers • Conducts research in levels of participation to find out why individuals participate or not • Works with other government agencies to promote wider social policies for community health and well-being

45. Exam Questions • Jan 09 4cMark Scheme • Jan 08 4cMark Scheme • June 07 2cMark Scheme

46. National Curriculum PE and School Sport • PE is defined as .. • “a formalised body of knowledge and experience taught within educational establishments” • Relatively new subject – 100 years • Developed from two different strands • Public Schools (upper and middle class) – emphasised team games • State Elementary – health and fitness bias

47. Public School Sports (1800 -1870) • Upper Class • Bullying common • Large amounts of leisure time • Hunting, Gambling and drinking • Younger boys used as servants – “fagging” • Played games – “mob sports” • Considered violent by head-teachers • Some saw potential for games if controlled to channel boys energy • Thomas Arnold (Rugby School) used games as a form of “social control” • The importance of Leadership was emphasised – senior boys organised the matches • Schools began to play each other and became more important • Masters recognised the potential for more than just improving discipline • Promoted games, brought back old boys to coach – standards of play improved as did facilities and equipment. • Success on playing field a good way of promoting school

48. Fair Play • Games played with a strict code of conduct • Seen as a way of instilling moral qualities • Leadership, Discipline, Integrity, Loyalty, Bravery and Decision making. • Games played for the team not the individual • Ultimately the idea that games developed both the physical and moral side of an individual was given the term “Athleticism” – “physical endeavour with moral integrity” • This vision was used by De Coubertin when he created the modern olympic games in 1896

49. Codification • Games grew in popularity • More schools played each other • Schoolboys took games to university • Need to agree a common set of rules • Groups set up to settle disputes fore-runners of Governing bodies

50. Occasional – Feast Days Few rules Violent Force rather than skill Participation Lower Class Local Limited structure Regular Participation Complex rules Highly structured Spectator based and participation Refined skills rather than force Middle/upper class development Regional/national Sophisticated equipment Popular Rec Rational Rec