Biologie člověka - úvod

3. Biologie člověka - úvod Orgány, orgánové soustavy

4. Hierarchické uspořádání živočišného těla

5. Organelle Atoms Molecule Smooth muscle cell Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules. 2 Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules. 1 Smooth muscle tissue Cardiovascularsystem Tissue levelTissues consist of similartypes of cells. 3 Heart Bloodvessels Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelialtissue Organ levelOrgans are made up of different typesof tissues. 4 Organismal levelThe human organism is made upof many organ systems. Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely. 6 5 Figure 1.1

6. Atoms Molecule Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules. 1 Atomy Molekuly Figure 1.1, step 1

7. Organelle Atoms Molecule Smooth muscle cell Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules. 2 Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules. 1 Buněčné organely Buňky Figure 1.1, step 2

8. Organelle Atoms Molecule Smooth muscle cell Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules. 2 Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules. 1 Smooth muscle tissue Tissue levelTissues consist of similartypes of cells. 3 Tkáně Figure 1.1, step 3

9. Organelle Atoms Molecule Smooth muscle cell Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules. 2 Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules. 1 Smooth muscle tissue Tissue levelTissues consist of similartypes of cells. 3 Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelialtissue Organ levelOrgans are made up of different typesof tissues. 4 Orgány Figure 1.1, step 4

10. Organelle Atoms Molecule Smooth muscle cell Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules. 2 Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules. 1 Smooth muscle tissue Cardiovascularsystem Tissue levelTissues consist of similartypes of cells. 3 Heart Bloodvessels Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelialtissue Organ levelOrgans are made up of different typesof tissues. 4 Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely. 5 Orgánové soustavy Figure 1.1, step 5

11. Organelle Atoms Molecule Smooth muscle cell Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules. 2 Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules. 1 Smooth muscle tissue Cardiovascularsystem Tissue levelTissues consist of similartypes of cells. 3 Heart Bloodvessels Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelialtissue Organ levelOrgans are made up of different typesof tissues. 4 Organismal levelThe human organism is made upof many organ systems. Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely. 6 5 Organismus Figure 1.1, step 6

12. Orgánové soustavy

13. Hair Nails Skin Soustava tělního pokryvu (a) Integumentary System Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands. Figure 1.3a

14. Kosterní soustava Bones Joint (b) Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals. Figure 1.3b

15. Skeletal muscles Svalová soustava (c)Muscular System Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Main- tains posture, and produces heat. Figure 1.3c

16. Brain Nervová soustava Nerves Spinal cord (d) Nervous System As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. Figure 1.3d

17. Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Thymus Soustava žláz s vnitřní sekrecí Adrenal gland Pancreas Testis Ovary (e) Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. Figure 1.3e

18. Heart Oběhová soustava Blood vessels (f) Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood, whichcarries oxygen, carbon dioxide,nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumpsblood. Figure 1.3f

19. Red bone marrow Thymus Lymphatic vessels Thoracic duct Imunitní systém Spleen Lymph nodes (g) Lymphatic System/Immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body. Figure 1.3g

20. Nasal cavity Pharynx Bronchus Larynx Trachea Dýchací soustava Lung (h) Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs. Figure 1.3h

21. Oral cavity Esophagus Trávicí soustava Liver Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus (i) Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces. Figure 1.3i

22. Kidney Vylučovací soustava Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra (j) Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood. Figure 1.3j

23. Pohlavní (rozmnožovací) soustava Mammary glands (in breasts) Prostate gland Ovary Penis Ductus deferens Testis Uterine tube Scrotum Uterus Vagina (l) Female Reproductive System (k) Male Reproductive System Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn. Figure 1.3k-l

24. Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces) Respiratory system Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide Food O2 CO2 Cardiovascular system Via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs Blood CO2 O2 Urinary system Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions Heart Nutrients Interstitial fluid Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid Integumentary system Protects the body as a whole from the external environment Feces Urine Figure 1.2

25. Homeostáza = stálost vnitřního prostředí (fyziologická stabilita organismu)

26. 4 Output:Information sent alongefferent pathway toeffector. 3 Input: Informationsent along afferentpathway to controlcenter. ControlCenter Afferentpathway Efferentpathway 2 Receptor Effector 5 Receptordetectschange. Responseof effectorfeeds backto reducethe effect ofstimulusand returnsvariable tohomeostaticlevel. 1 IMBALANCE Stimulusproduceschange invariable. BALANCE IMBALANCE Figure 1.4

27. 1 IMBALANCE Stimulusproduceschange invariable. BALANCE IMBALANCE Figure 1.4, step 1

28. 2 Receptor Receptordetectschange. 1 IMBALANCE Stimulusproduceschange invariable. BALANCE IMBALANCE Figure 1.4, step 2

29. 3 Input: Informationsent along afferentpathway to controlcenter. ControlCenter Afferentpathway 2 Receptor Receptordetectschange. 1 IMBALANCE Stimulusproduceschange invariable. BALANCE IMBALANCE Figure 1.4, step 3

30. 4 Output:Information sent alongefferent pathway toeffector. 3 Input: Informationsent along afferentpathway to controlcenter. ControlCenter Afferentpathway Efferentpathway 2 Receptor Effector Receptordetectschange. 1 IMBALANCE Stimulusproduceschange invariable. BALANCE IMBALANCE Figure 1.4, step 4

31. 4 Output:Information sent alongefferent pathway toeffector. 3 Input: Informationsent along afferentpathway to controlcenter. ControlCenter Afferentpathway Efferentpathway 2 Receptor Effector 5 Receptordetectschange. Responseof effectorfeeds backto reducethe effect ofstimulusand returnsvariable tohomeostaticlevel. 1 IMBALANCE Stimulusproduceschange invariable. BALANCE IMBALANCE Figure 1.4, step 5

32. Control Center (thermoregulatory center in brain) Information sent along the afferent pathway to control center Information sent along the efferent pathway to effectors Efferent pathway Afferent pathway Receptors Temperature-sensitive cells in skin and brain Effectors Sweat glands Sweat glands activated Response Evaporation of sweat Body temperature falls; stimulus ends Stimulus Body temperature rises BALANCE Stimulus Body temperature falls Response Body temperature rises; stimulus ends Receptors Temperature-sensitive cells in skin and brain Effectors Skeletal muscles Afferent pathway Efferent pathway Shivering begins Information sent along the efferent pathway to effectors Information sent along the afferent pathway to control center Control Center (thermoregulatory center in brain) Figure 1.5