Best English Notes By Top Coaching Center - Articles and Preposition

1. Best English Notes By Top Coaching Center - Articles and Preposition English grammar sections is important in clearing English language section with a good cutoff. All exams have an average score to clear all sections. English Grammar is a very important section in UPSC and other competitive Examinations. One can score high marks in less time if he/she has a good understanding of Grammar rules and has a rich vocabulary.

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3. Determiners and Articles The words which are used before the nouns are basically known as determiners. They are as following - 1. Possessive determiners My, our, your, their, his, her, its etc. 2. Numeral determiners Many, one, two, three, third, fourth, several, few, some etc. 3. Demonstrative determiners These, those, this, that, other, such, the same, another etc. 4. Distributive determiners Each, every, one, either, neither, none etc.

4. 5. Quantitative determiners Much, little, some, sufficient, enough etc. 6. Articles A, an, the Determiners are basically adjectives and articles. So we can say that articles are adjectives. Articles are of two types - 1. Indefinite articles (a/an - one) Indefinite articles are used before singular countable nouns. This is a table. An apple In the assembly she usually recites a poem.

5. Always remember we can never use a/an with plural countable nouns. Position of articles Generally articles are used before nouns. But if an ‘adjective’ is there before the ‘noun’ the ‘article’ is placed before the ‘adjective.’ When an ‘adjective’ is there before the ‘noun’ and an adverb is there before the ‘adjective’ than write the ‘article’ before the ‘adverb’. He is a doctor. (‘doctor’ is a noun.) There is a famous university of agriculture in this city. (‘famous’ is adjective qualifying the noun ‘university’.) She is a beautifulgirl. (‘beautiful’ is adjective qualifying the noun ‘girl’.) This is a very difficult question. ( ‘very’ is adverb qualifying the adjective ‘difficult’ which in turn qualifying the noun ‘question’.)

6. Use of ‘An’ We only use ‘An’ before the words which start with vowel sounds (अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ ). Never consider english letters (a, e, i, o, u) for vowel sounds but hindi letters. Before the words which start with consonant sounds, use article ‘a’. For eg. - ____MLA from hisar has applied for this post. Yesterday i found ___ one rupee note on the road. There is ____ unionof workers in each and every company i visit. ____x-ray machine was bought at home for his routine check up. She is ____ honest employee of this company. ____ FIR was lodged against him. There is ____ famous university of agriculture in this city.

7. Find errors if any: • A baggage was missing from the train. • An information should be provided to everyone for this scheme. • He put jam and cheese on aslice of bread. • A piece of information should be provided to everyone for this scheme. • Many a girl have requested for this change. • It was quite the hot summer day. • She is such a irritating woman. • A Mrs. Sharma has won the culinary arts competition. • Only a Sachin Tendulkar can help you in this match. • She is promoted to the rank of a assistant commandant. • What kind of a woman she is ! • A plenty of the money was lost in the lottery. • The amount of a money he earns is very meagre. • I speak the hindi language. • You look beautiful in the white. • The Deepawali is the festival of lights. • I like to travel in the summers.

8. A unit of soldiers was sent to the top of the old hill. (consonant sound) Ayoung woman was seen near this house. (consonant sound) To sign the agreement is the duty of a member of parliament. (consonant sound) An eagle on the terrace is the omen of wealth. (vowel sound) Sometimes we have to use an article before a noun. (vowel sound) 1. We can never use a/an with uncountable nouns. Some of the uncountable nouns are as following - Luggage, baggage, knowledge, postage, wastage, pottery, poetry, scenery, bakery, confectionary, jewellery, equipment, evidence, information, fuel, cost, dirt, dust, bread, hair, percentage, behaviour etc. A baggage was missing from the train. (wrong) Baggage was missing from the train. (correct)

9. An information should be provided to everyone for this scheme. (wrong) Information should be provided to everyone for this scheme. (correct) 2. If some countable nouns are used before uncountable nouns than with those countable nouns we can use a/an. He put jam and cheese on aslice of bread. A piece of information should be provided to everyone for this scheme. 3. If a singular noun is there after the words like many/rather/quite/such then use a/an before the singular noun. For eg. - Many a girl has requested for this change. It was quite a hot summer day. She is such an irritating woman.

10. 4. With the following phrases a/an are used - At a loss, make a noise, at a stone’s throw, in a hurry, in a nutshell, make a foot, as a rule, in a fix etc. 5. In the place of ‘per’ we can use a/an - Thirty rupees an hour Three times a day Twenty thousand a month 6. What + a/an + adjective + noun What a beautiful performance ! What an amazing representation ! 7. A + little/few A few students A little sugar

11. 8. Proper noun This noun denotes the name of a proper person,place or thing. Jaipur , chandigarh (proper place) Garima , neha (proper person) With proper nouns we can use a/an but in special conditions. A Mrs. Sharma has won the culinary arts competition. (i know the name of the woman but i don’t know the woman.) He is getting engaged to a Rekha. (name is known but not the person) Only a Sachin Tendulkar can help you in this match. (someone who is as brilliant in cricket as Sachin Tendulkar.) 9. Never use article with proper noun + ’s . A Rekha’s car (wrong) Rekha’s car (correct)

12. 10. Never use articles with the nouns used after the following phrases - Post of, rank of, kind of, type of, sort of, a lot of, a large no. of, plenty of, a great deal of, amount of, etc. She is promoted to the rank of a assistant commandant. (wrong) She is promoted to the rank of assistant commandant. (correct) What kind of a woman she is ! (wrong) What kind of woman she is ! (correct) A plenty of the money (wrong) A plenty of the money (correct) The amount of a money (wrong) The amount of money (correct)

13. 11. Don't use any article with the following - Languages , games, city, continents, lake, months, seasons, colours etc. I speak the hindi language. (wrong) I speak hindi language. (correct) You look beautiful in the white. (wrong) You look beautiful in white. (correct) The Deepawali is the festival of lights. (wrong) Deepawali is the festival of lights. (correct) Exception - in the summers

14. 2. Definite article (The - to particularize someone/something) Article ‘The’ generally gives the meaning of this/that. We use it to point out something/someone or to particularize something/someone that we already know. A girl met me there. The girl was wearing a pink dress. When we are using ‘a’ with girl that means a random/unknown girl met us there but when we are using ‘the’ with girl that means we are talking about that particular girl whom we met there. 1. The + adjective = plural common nouns The poor are oppressed by the rich. The honest are always rewarded.

15. 2. When talking generally about the following words don't use an article. But while using them in particular case , use articles with them. Death, poverty, beauty, man, woman, life etc. The death of his 23 year old daughter has left her shocked. Death is inevitable. He is fond of outer beauty. The beauty of Huma Qureshi is mesmerizing. 3. Use ‘The’ with the following - Name of musical instruments, direction, celestial bodies, group of islands, mountain ranges, rivers, canals, sea, deserts, forests, physical position, newspapers, trophies, cups, trains, famous buildings, hotels etc. For eg.- The Flute, The north, The Taj, In the centre of the mall, The Hindustan Times

16. 2. When talking generally about the following words don't use an article. But while using them in particular case , use articles with them. Death, poverty, beauty, man, woman, life etc. The death of his 23 year old daughter has left her shocked. Death is inevitable. He is fond of outer beauty. The beauty of Huma Qureshi is mesmerizing. 3. Use ‘The’ with the following - Name of musical instruments, direction, celestial bodies, group of islands, mountain ranges, rivers, canals, sea, deserts, forests, physical position, newspapers, trophies, cups, trains, famous buildings, hotels etc. For eg.- The Flute, The north, The Taj, In the centre of the mall, The Hindustan Times

17. 7. Use ‘The’ before the name of the dynasties, empires, wars, revolutions etc. For eg. - The Gupta Dynasty The Red revolution The middle age The British empire The 5th century The Vedic age 8. We use “the” with comparative degree but “ of the two ” should be there in the sentence or selection has to be made in the sentence. Ziya is the abler of two sisters. This boy is the taller of the two. Which is the longer river,the ganga or the yamuna ? 9. “The” is used with superlative degree.

18. 9. “The” is used with superlative degree. She is the most beautiful girl i have ever seen. He is the tallest boy of my class. 10. We generally do not use ‘The’ with the name of countries. But if Union, United, Republic or Kingdom is there with the name of country then use article with it. The Australia (wrong) The United States (correct) The Soviet Union (correct) The Republic of China (correct) 11. We use ‘The’ in double comparison. The sooner, the better The higher, the colder

19. 12. We always use article ”the” with ordinal adjectives. No such rule exist for cardinal adjectives. Thesecond chapter of this book is very tough. The fourth row from right is vacant. Previous years questions based on Articles 1.Many overseas students/(a) attend colleges/(b) in/(c) the Great Britain./(d) NO ERROR/(e) 2. The people/(a) gathered at/(b) the funeral/(c) to pay respect./(d) NO ERROR/(e)(SSC CHSL 2015) 3. A honest/(a) person is/(b) upright in speech,/(c) thought and deed./(d) NO ERROR/(e)(SSC CHSL 2015) 4. Thanks to an insight/(a) and persistence of the local doctor,/(b) hundreds of victims have/(c) been able to resume normal life./(d) NO ERROR/(e) (SSC MAINS 2015) 5. Do you think/(a) you could lend me/(b) good pair of gloves/(c) to wear to the wedding?/(d) NO ERROR/(e)

20. 6. She gave me details/(a) of all the schools she/(b) had visited while she/(c) was on an official tour./(d) NO ERROR/(e) 7. He always/(a) practises the justice and/(b) cares for/(c) moral principles./(d) NO ERROR/(e) 8. Could you please/(a) give me a postal address/(b) of the Indian embassy/(c) in New York./(d) NO ERROR/(e) ( 9. Raghu came/(a) out of the bathroom/(b) with a towel/(c) in the hand./(d) NO ERROR/(e) 10. UNICEF is/(a) an/(b) international/(c) organisation./(d) NO ERROR/(e) 11. Dedication is an/(a) necessary requirement in/(b) the preparation of/(c) competitive exams. /(d) NO ERROR /(e) 12. Giorgio Chiellini put Italy ahead/(a) before half time but host was/(b) stunned when Aleksander/(c) levelled in the 77th minute./(d) NO ERROR/(e) 13. In a exclusive interview to/(a) The Hindu, he said that he expects India/(b) to ‘definitely, play a role/(c) in the peacekeeping mission./(d) NO ERROR/(e) 14. In a affidavit filed in/(a) the supreme court, the Kerala govt./(b) had not revealed/(c) any offences./(d) NO ERROR/(e)

21. Prepositions Prepositions are the words which relate a noun or a pronoun with other word of the sentence. That other word can be a verb, an adjective, a noun or a pronoun. Shefound the keys safe in the almirah. (object of the preposition) She put the vegetables in the refrigerator. (object of the preposition) She overlooked the vegetables in the refrigerator. (object of the preposition)

22. SET 1:Fill in the blanks with appropriate preposition: • I am angry ______ you. • I am angry ______ your rude behaviour. • My anger is not ______ you. • My anger is ______ your rude behaviour. • He is blind _____ his faults. • He is blind ______ one eye. • The students argued ______ the principal • The students argued ______ their assignments. • I live _____ Delhi • I live _____ India • I live _____ Delhi _____ India. • I live _____ Delhi _____ India_____ Asia. • I live _____ Delhi street. • Milk sells _____ Rs 50 a litre. • I am ___ bank and it will take around two hours to reach the counter. • I am ____ the bank and at times, I get bored while working with old versioned computers. • I go for a walk ____ morning. • I go for a walk ____the morning.

23. SET 2:Find errors if any: • She criticized at his behaviour towards her. • They entered into the room. • I can’t afford of this place. • She emphasized on the task again and again. • The attack on children in peshawar was criticized by all. • The boy laid much stress on the payment. • Now, we have entered the new syllabus of grammar. • We have discussed about the issue related to default of payments. • This book comprises of many chapters related to human brain. • I am looking forward to meet you. • She is prone to smoke. • I prefer dancing to listen music. • She is addicted to watch web series. • They have objection to return paid tickets.

24. Do not use prepositions with the following verbs - Reach, enter, access, afford, attack, resemble, pervade, face, penetrate, advise, inform, apprise, criticize, investigate, qualify, control, blame, stress, emphasize, describe, await, comprise, welcome, beg, join, ask, meet etc. She criticized his behaviour towards her. They entered the room. I can’t afford this place. She emphasized the task again and again. Some of the above mentioned words are noun also. When they are used as noun, we can use preposition with them. The attack on children in peshawar was criticized by all. (noun) The boy laid much stresson the payment. (noun)

25. With the following phrases use gerund (v1+ ing ) and not to infinitives (to + v1) - Look forward to, with a view to, devoted to, in addition to, with an eye to, preferable to, accustomed to, integral to, given to, taken to, prone to, averse to, object to, devoted to etc. I am looking forward to meeting you. (gerund) She is prone to smoking. (gerund) I prefer dancing to listening music. (gerund) She is addicted to watching web series. (gerund) They have objection to returning paid tickets. (gerund)

26. SET 3:Fill in the blanks with appropriate preposition: • The table is made _____ wood. • Paper is made _____ wood. • She deals _____ banarasi silk. • She patiently deals _____ his arrogant nature. • She will deal _____ the money of lottery to different hospitals. • We reach the examination centre _____ time. • The exam started _____ time. • I wake up _____ time so that i can reach office _____ time. • She parted _____ him two years back. • In order to pay the loan, she has to part _____ her old house at chandan nagar. • She was partaking the meal _____ her old birthday clothes. • She won’t partake _____ the annual sports meet. • Joy and sorrow are the part and parcel _____ life. • Akbar became the ruler ____ the age of 12. • They went to China ____ March. • I was born ___ 1963. • He goes to college____ foot. • He goes to college____ car. • He goes to college____ a car.

27. SET 4:Fill in the blanks with appropriate preposition: • He acceded ____ my proposal. • He works according ___ my advice. • Amit was born ____ rich parent. • He was born ____ America. • He applied ____ the post of clerk. • He applied ____ the manager. • He blamed Raju ____ his carelessness. • I was ashamed ____ my son’s behaviour. • I asked my friend ____ some money. • Beware ____ pickpockets. • He availed himself ____ the opportunity. • I am aware ____ his intention. • She is certain ____ my success. • He does not care ____ me. • He complied ____ my instructions. • He is confident ____ his success in the examination. • He is capable ____ doing such work. • He congratulated me ____ my success. • A saint has no desire _____worldly pleasures. • Suresh was entrusted _____ this work.

28. SET 5:Fill in the blanks with appropriate preposition: • He did contrary ___ my advice. • Generally there is no cure ____ cancer. • The student complained _____ the teacher to the principal. • I differ ___ him on this point. • This book differs _____ that. • We should sympathize ____ him in his trouble. • He has sympathy _____ the poor. • She has a taste____ music. • His taste ____ music is awful. • He is tired ____ his work. • The child trembled ____ fear.

29. Phrasal verb with held: • He held____ the secret from his friends. • I think that the strikers will not be able to hold____ for long. • In my opinion, he should hold ___ to his share in the property. • The train was held _____ on account of an accident. • The examination has been held ____ for a week due to the flood. • When abused, she could not hold ____ her anger.

30. Phrasal verb with keep: • He should try to keep ___ the reputation of his firm. • They kept ___ quarrelling and shouting till the manager came. • You should not keep ____ anything from your mother. • I was kept ___ by a bad cold. • He shut the door to keep me ____. • Keep ____ the grass. • The wise man taught us to keep ____ anger.