Best English Notes By Top Coaching Center - Oureducation

1. Best English Notes By Top IAS Coaching Center - Oureducation The English is an Important part of every competitive exam. Reading English Grammar is the first step to start preparations for this section. Today I am providing my handmade grammar book Notes and that too for free. This PPT is easy to read and understand. We are providing you some exam wise Study Notes on English Language. Read and take note of all these facts related to it then surely you will score well in all these exams. This material will immensely help the candidates preparing for following exams:

2. Best English Notes By Top IAS Coaching Center VERB Verbs are words that show an action, occurrence, or state of being. an action – run, hit, travel an event – rain, occur a situation – be, seem, have a change – become, grow, develop Eg: He has completed his work.

3. VERB Verbs can be divided into two types • Auxiliary verb/ Helping verb:These are the verbs that are used with the main verbs. Basically they provide elaborate meaning to the sentence • Main verb:The main verb is also called the lexical verb or the principal verb. This term refers to the important verb in the sentence, the one that typically shows the action or state of being of the subject. Main verbs can stand alone, or they can be used with a helping verb, also called an auxiliary verb.

4. VERB(BASIC) These are the verbs that are used with the main verbs. Basically they provide elaborate meaning to the sentence. Helping verbs do just what they sound like they do—they help! Different helping verbs help or support the main verb in different ways. For instance, they can show tense (which indicates when an action happened), ability, intention, or possibility. I can do the work. He is working very hard.

5. VERB(BASIC) Helping verbs are further of three types- • Modals • Primary auxiliary verb • Marginal auxiliary verb

6. 1. Modals As their name suggest these do not act as main verbs. These are used to denote ability, permission, possibility, obligation or likelihood in a sentence. Can, could, may, might, shall, will, should, would, must etc.

7. Uses of can/could: Can- power/ability/capacity/permission/friendly request He can jump from 4th floor. You can dance now. He can study for four hours at a stretch. Can you lend me ten rupees? Could (past tense of can)- past ability/ capacity/formal request 1st form of verb is used with this She could accompany you if she wanted. Ram could run alone yesterday. Could i talk to neha ? He could not come in the party. Can - Theoretical possibility could - Remote possibility Anyone can fight for his dignity. There could be a snake in your bedsheet. Everyone can crack the exam. There could be a gun in the purse.

8. Uses of can/could: Can also shows negative possibility It cannot be true. He cannot come . Find errors if any: • The old man can’t be able to walk alone.

9. Uses of can/could: Can also shows negative possibility It cannot be true. He cannot come . Find errors if any: • The old man can’t be able to walk alone. We cannot use ‘able to’ with can/ could. As can / could shows the ability of persons so if we will use ‘able to’ with these words, the sentence will become superfluous. The old man can’t be able to walk alone. (wrong) The old man can’t walk alone. (correct)

10. May / Might / Must May - positive possibility ( neither low nor high )/ / optative sentences / respect / request (interrogative form) He may come tomorrow. They may call you in the evening. Garima may invite you to the party. May is used with optative sentence(sentences that are used to pray or wish). May you live long. May god bless you. May is used with Respect / Request (interrogative form) May i come in ? May i go to drink water ?

11. May / Might / Must Might - less possibility He might have gone there. They might fight with each other. You might find that question wrong. Must - greater possibility (shows present and future tense)/ In past tense ‘had to’ will be used in place of must They live in a three story building. They must be rich. She stood first in the class. She must be hardworking and intelligent. The girl said that she had to go there yesterday. Must is also used to show compulsion. Candidates must remove their shoes before coming into the room. Students must wear woolen socks with the school uniform.

12. May / Might / Must We cannot use ‘likely / possibly’ with ‘may’ As may itself shows possibility of event so using likely / possibly with ‘may’ will make the sentence superfluous. It may likely rain. (wrong) It may possibly rain. (wrong) It may rain. (correct)

13. Will / Shall Shall is used with 1st persons (I,We) ‘Will’ is used with all other persons (2nd and 3rd). But in modern english we can use ‘will’ with 1st person but in interrogative form always ‘shall’ is used. I will/ shall go tomorrow. We will/shall win tomorrow. She will go to market. They will play the piano. Shall we dance ? Shall I go ? Will you come with us ? Will he need you ?

14. Will / Shall Find errors if any: • She shall be rewarded for this. • I will always be there for you. • Trespassers shall be prosecuted. • I will kill you. • You shall be on time tomorrow. • I will do it right now. • You shall leave the class.

15. Will / Shall In order to denote advice, threat, determination, compulsion, command and promise - Use ‘shall’ with 2nd and 3rd person Use ‘will’ with 1st person She shall be rewarded for this. (promise) I will always be there for you. (promise) Trespassers shall be prosecuted. (threat) I will kill you. (threat) You shall be on time tomorrow. (compulsion) I will do it right now. (compulsion) You shall leave the class. (command)

16. Would / Should Should and would are past tense of shall and will respectively. 1st form of verb will be used with both of these. In order to express past habits in the sentences we use ‘would’. When we were in hostel, we would practice dance for hours. Would / used to / simple past tense - all these are used to express past habits. We used to dance for hours. We danced for hours when we were in hostel. Would is also used for making polite requests. Would you help me out with this issue ? Would you wait for a second ? In order to express suggestion / advice in a sentence ‘should’ will be used. You should work hard to crack the exam. You should write carefully. Lest + Should She danced beautifully, lest she should lose the competition. They don’t meet him, lest they should fight for money.

17. Would / Should In order to express suggestion / advice in a sentence ‘should’ will be used. You should work hard to crack the exam. You should write carefully. Lest + Should She danced beautifully, lest she should lose the competition. They don’t meet him, lest they should fight for money.

18. 2. Primary Auxiliary verbs (be, do, have) These are the verbs that act as helping verb as well as main verb. Be (is, am, are, was, were, be, been, being) He is good. (main verb) He is working in an MNC. (helping verb) I am a doctor. (main verb) I am going home. (helping verb) He has been to australia for few days. (has- helping verb, been-verb) Do (do, does, did, done) I do my work daily. ( main verb ) I did not know him. (helping verb) Have (has, have, had) I have a car. (main verb) I have not seen him. (helping verb)

19. 3. Marginal Auxiliary Verbs (Dare, need and Used to) Dare and need are the verbs that work as helping verb as well as main verb. Also used to works as helping verb as well as an adjective.

20. 3. Marginal Auxiliary Verbs (Dare, need and Used to) Used to Be + used to + gerund - adjective If any form of be(is, am, are, was, were, has, have, been, being) is followed by ‘used to’ then gerund should be used in the sentence. In such sentences ‘used to’ works as an adjective. When used to is followed by 1st form of verb then it works as a modal. Used to + 1st form of verb- modal Used to + 1st form of verb + -ing - habit Used to + 1st form of verb - Routine action of past I used to dance in India. (modal) I have got used to dancing in America. (adjective) Mom is used to making cupcakes so they always come delicious. (modal) Mom used to make cupcakes for me when i was in India. (adjective) They used to go for a walk every evening. (modal) They have got used to of walking during free time. (adjective)

21. 3. Marginal Auxiliary Verbs (Dare, need and Used to) Dare and need Dare - challenge / courage Need - requirement These are the verbs that act as helping verb(modals) as well as main verbs. Helping verbs are used in contracted form when ‘not’ is used with them (don't, doesn’t, haven’t, hasn't, isn't, aren't etc.) Modals are always followed by 1st form of verb. When modals are used as main verb and they are followed by some other verb then the other verb should come in ‘to + 1st form of verb’(infinitive). • He daren’t cross the road. (modal) • He dare not cross the road. (modal) • He dared to cross the road. (main verb) • I dared to kill the cockroach. (main verb) • They don’t dare to go for movie. (main verb) • Nobody dares to call him by his nickname. (main verb)

22. 3. Marginal Auxiliary Verbs (Dare, need and Used to) • How dare you touch my purse ? (modal ) (as helping verbs in interrogative form are always used before the subject ) • How dare she criticize me about my dress ? (modal) • Rohan doesn’t dare to walk alone on the road. (main verb) • You don’t need to specify it anymore. (main verb) • You need not specify it anymore. (modal) • We don’t need any answers from you. (main verb) • Why need i go there ? (modal) • You needn’t read the whole paragraph , just go through the summary. (modal)

23. Some of the forms of verb are given below- 1st form 2nd form 3rd form -ing form Arise arose arisen arising Awake awoke awoken awaking Be was,were been being Bear bore born bearing Bear bore borne bearing Become became become becoming Begin began begun beginning Bite bit bitten biting Blow blew blown blowing Bind bound bound binding Bid bade bidden bidding Break broke broken breaking Choose chose chosen choosing Cling clung clung clinging Come came come coming Dig dug dug digging Do did done doing Draw drew drawn drawing

24. Some of the forms of verb are given below- 1st form 2nd form 3rd form -ing form Drink drank drunk drinking Drive drove driven driving Eat ate eaten eating Fall fell fallen falling Find found found finding Fly flew flown flying Forbid forbade forbidden forbidding Forget forgot forgotten forgetting Freeze froze frozen freezing Get got got getting Give gave given giving Grind ground ground grinding Grow grew grown growing Hang hung hung hanging Hide hid hidden hiding Hold held held holding Know knew known knowing Lie lay lain lying

25. Some of the forms of verb are given below- 1st form 2nd form 3rd form -ing form Ride rode ridden riding Ring rang rung ringing Rise rose risen rising See saw seen seeing Shake shook shaken shaking Shine shone shone shining Shoot shot shot shooting Shrink shrank shrunk shrinking Sing sang sung singing Sink sank sunk sinking Sit sat sat sitting Slay slew slain slaying Speak spoke spoken speaking Spit spat spat spitting Stand stood stood standing Steal stole stolen stealing Stick stuck stuck sticking Strike struck struck striking

26. Some of the forms of verb are given below- 1st form 2nd form 3rd form -ing form Swear swore sworn swearing Swim swam swum swimming Swing swung swung swinging Take took taken taking Tear tore torn tearing Wear wore worn wearing Weave wove woven weaving Win won won winning Wind wound wound winding Write wrote written writing Wring wrung wrung wringing

27. Some of the forms of verb are given below- There are certain verbs that are same in 2nd and 3rd form. 1st form 2nd form 3rd form -ing form Abuse abused abused abusing Act acted acted acting Add added added adding Admire admired admired admiring Advise advised advised advising Allow allowed allowed allowing Answer answered answered answering Appoint appointed appointed appointing Appear appeared appeared appearing Arrive arrived arrived arriving Arrest arrested arrested arresting Ask asked asked asking Attack attacked attacked attacking Bark barked barked barking Bathe bathed bathed bathing Beg begged begged begging Believe believe believed believing

28. Some of the forms of verb are given below- There are certain verbs that are same in 2nd and 3rd form. 1st form 2nd form 3rd form -ing form Behave behaved behaved behaving Bleed bled bled bleeding Bless blessed blessed blessing Break broke broken breaking Bring brought brought bringing Boil boiled boiled boiling Boast boasted boasted boasting Borrow borrowed borrowed borrowing Build built built building Burn burnt burnt burning Buy bought bought buying Call called called calling Carry carried carried carrying Catch caught caught catching Clean cleaned cleaned cleaning Close closed closed closing Change changed changed changing

29. Some of the forms of verb are given below- There are certain verbs that are same in 2nd and 3rd form. 1st form 2nd form 3rd form -ing form Check checked checked checking Climb climbed climbed climbing Clap clapped clapped clapping Copy copied copied copying Collect collected collected collecting Complain complained complained complaining Cook cooked cooked cooking Count counted counted counting Confuse confused confused confusing Consult consulted consulted consulting Cover covered covered covering Crow crowed crowed crowing Cross crossed crossed crossing Creep crept crept creeping Cry cried cried crying Decorate decorated decorated decorating Dance danced danced dancing

30. Some of the forms of verb are given below- There are certain verbs that are same in 2nd and 3rd form. 1st form 2nd form 3rd form -ing form Deceive deceived deceived deceiving Defeat defeated defeated defeating Decide decided decided deciding Desire desired desired desiring Discover discovered discovered discovering Dip dipped dipped dipping Die died died dying Divide divided divided dividing Dream dreamed dreamed dreaming Dry dried dried drying Drown drowned drowned drowning Dye dyed dyed dying Earn earned earned earning Enter entered entered entering Employ employed employed employing Explain explained explained explaining

31. Some of the forms of verb are given below- There are certain verbs that are same in 2nd and 3rd form. 1st form 2nd form 3rd form -ing form Face faced faced facing Fail failed failed failing Fear feared feared fearing Feed fed fed feeding Feel felt felt feeling Fell felled felled felling Flee fled fled fleeing Fight fought fought fighting Finish finished finished finishing Fine fined fined fining Float floated floated floating Graze grazed grazed grazing Gather gathered gathered gathering Have had had having Hate hated hated hating Hang hanged hanged hanging Hear heard heard hearing

32. Some of the forms of verb are given below- There are certain verbs that are same in 2nd and 3rd form. 1st form 2nd form 3rd form -ing form Help helped helped helping Improve improved improved improving Invite invited invited inviting Join joined joined joining Jump jumped jumped jumping Keep kept kept keeping Kill killed killed killing Knit knitted knitted knitting Kneel knelt knelt kneeling Lay laid laid laying Lie lied lied lying Laugh laughed laughed laughing Learn learned learned learning Leave left left leaving Lend lent lent lending Lose lost lost losing Like liked liked liking

33. Some of the forms of verb are given below- There are certain verbs that are same in 2nd and 3rd form. 1st form 2nd form 3rd form -ing form Listen listened listened listening Look looked looked looking Live lived lived living Love loved loved loving Lead led led leading Marry married married marrying Make made made making Mean meant meant meaning Meet met met meeting Move moved moved moving Melt melted melted melting Mend mended mended mending Mix mixed mixed mixing Name named named naming Need needed needed needing Nip nipped nipped nipping Obey obeyed obeyed obeying

34. Some of the forms of verb are given below- There are certain verbs that are same in 2nd and 3rd form. 1st form 2nd form 3rd form -ing form Open opened opened opening Order ordered ordered ordering Oppose opposed opposed opposing Pay paid paid paying Play played played playing Pray prayed prayed praying Praise praised praised praised Preach preached preached preaching Peep peeped peeped peeping Plant planted planted planting Pluck plucked plucked plucking Prepare prepared prepared preparing Pull pulled pulled pulling Prevent prevented prevented preventing Punish punished punished punishing Prove proved proved proving Promise promised promised promising

35. Some of the forms of verb are given below- There are certain verbs that are same in 2nd and 3rd form. 1st form 2nd form 3rd form -ing form Push pushed pushed pushing Plough ploughed ploughed ploughing Quarrel quarrelled quarreled quarreling Rain rained rained raining Reply replied replied replying Reach reached reached reaching Receive received received receiving Refuse refused refused refusing Rest rested rested resting Resign resigned resigned resigning Repair repaired repaired repairing Remember remembered remembered remembering Return returned returned returning Roar roared roared roaring Say said said saying Seek sought sought seeking Sell sold sold selling

36. Some of the forms of verb are given below- There are certain verbs that are same in 2nd and 3rd form. 1st form 2nd form 3rd form -ing form Save saved saved saving Saw sawed sawed sawing Send sent sent sending Select selected selected selecting Sleep slept slept sleeping Stand stood stood standing Stay stayed stayed staying Spend spent spent spending Stop stopped stopped stopping Sweep swept swept sweeping Study studied studied studying Slip slipped slipped slipping Talk talked talked talking Tell told told telling Teach taught taught teaching Think thought thought thinking Tie tied tied tying

37. 1st form 2nd form 3rd form -ing form Touch touched touched touching Try tried tried trying Trust trusted trusted trusting Use used used using Understand understood understood understanding Walk walked walked walking Wash washed washed washing Wait waited waited waiting Weep wept wept weeping Work worked worked working Watch watched watched watching Wish wished wished wishing Wander wandered wandered wandering Waste wasted wasted wasting Wed wedded wedded wedding Wound wounded wounded wounding Worship worshipped worshipped worshipping Wonder wondered wondered wondering Wrap wrapped wrapped wrapping Yield yielded yielded yielding

38. There are some verbs that are same in all forms. Such verbs are- 1st form 2nd form 3rd form -ing form Bid bid bid bidding Bet bet bet betting Burst burst burst bursting Cast cast cast casting Cost cost cost costing Cut cut cut cutting Hurt hurt hurt hurting Let let let letting Put put put putting Read read read reading Set set set setting Shed shed shed shedding Shut shut shut shutting Spread spread spread spreading Thrust thrust thrust thrusting Quit quit quit quitting

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