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1. Best English Notes By Top IAS Coaching Center in Hyderabad English grammar sections is Important in clearing English language section with a good cutoff. All exams have an average score to clear all sections. English Grammar is a very important section in UPSC and other competitive Examinations. One can score high marks in less time if he/she has a good understanding of Grammar rules and has a rich vocabulary. Find More Information – https://blog.oureducation.in/top-10-upsc-coaching-centers-in-hyderabad/

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3. VERB Verbs are words that show an action, occurrence, or state of being. an action – run, hit, travel an event – rain, occur a situation – be, seem, have a change – become, grow, develop Eg: He has completed his work.

4. VERB Verbs can be divided into two types • Auxiliary verb/ Helping verb:These are the verbs that are used with the main verbs. Basically they provide elaborate meaning to the sentence • Main verb:The main verb is also called the lexical verb or the principal verb. This term refers to the important verb in the sentence, the one that typically shows the action or state of being of the subject. Main verbs can stand alone, or they can be used with a helping verb, also called an auxiliary verb.

5. VERB (ADVANCE) Main verb: The main verb is also called the lexical verb or the principal verb. This term refers to the important verb in the sentence, the one that typically shows the action or state of being of the subject. Main verbs can stand alone, or they can be used with a helping verb, also called an auxiliary verb. I completed the work yesterday. I have completed the work just now.

6. Main Verbs as Linking Verbs As mentioned previously, main verbs aren’t always action verbs. Sometimes they simply express a subject’s state of being. In these cases, the main verbs are referred to as linking verbs since they link the subject to information concerning its state of being (referred to as a subject complement). Consider the examples below: As a toddler, Susan was adorable. Note that the main verb “was” does not express Susan’s actions but her state of being (i.e., adorable). Jennifer is a nurse at the local hospital. Here, the main verb “is” links the subject (Jennifer) to its complement, “a nurse.” Linking Verb Tip: It may be helpful to think of a linking verb as an equal sign. If you can substitute an equal sign for the main verb in a sentence, and it makes sense, then the main verb is a linking verb.

7. Linking Verbs Keila is a shopaholic. During the afternoon, my cats are content to nap on the couch. After drinking the old milk, Vladimir turned green. Irene always feels sleepy after pigging out on pizza from Antonio's. The following verbs are true linking verbs: any form of the verb be [am, is, are, was, were, has been, are being, might have been, etc.], become, and seem. These true linking verbs are always linking verbs. Then you have a list of verbs with multiple personalities: appear, feel, grow, look, prove, remain, smell, sound, taste, and turn. Sometimes these verbs are linking verbs; sometimes they are action verbs.

8. If you can substitute am, is, or are and the sentence still sounds logical, you have a linking verb on your hands. If, after the substitution, the sentence makes no sense, you are dealing with an action verb instead. Here are some examples: Sylvia tasted the spicy stew. Sylvia is the spicy stew. (Doesn’t make any sense) Tasted, therefore, is an action verb in this sentence, something Sylvia is doing. The stew tasted good. The stew is good. (Gives the same meaning) Hence tasted is a linking verb here. I smell the delicious aroma of a mushroom and papaya pizza baking in the oven. (action verb) The pizza smells heavenly.(linking verb)

9. Types of Main Verbs: • TRANSITIVE VERB • INTRANSITIVE VERB • FINITE VERB • NON- FINITE VERB • CAUSATIVE VERB

10. Types of Main Verbs: • TRANSITIVE VERB:A transitive verb is verb which needs an object to give the sentence a complete sense. I want chocolates. They attended the party. Transitive verb answers what.

11. Types of Main Verbs: 2. INTRANSITIVE VERB: An intransitive verb is a verb which may or may not necessarily need an object to give the sentence a complete sense. Birds fly. John laughed loudly. The keys disappeared. Intransitive verb can also take an object after it. But a preposition has to be used. Birds fly in the sky. John laughed at her loudly.

12. Examine the sentences: • Ram has a broken chair. • Ram has broken a chair. • Ram has a chair broken.

13. Types of Main Verbs: 3. Causative verbs (make , have, get ) Causative verbs are used in those sentences where the subject of the sentence induces the object of the sentence to do the verb . In short, we can say that the subject doesn’t do the work but gets the work done by others. Ram has a chair broken.

14. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate option. • Like human beings, zoo animals must have a dentist _________ their teeth • To fill • Filled • Have filled • Fill • Like human beings, zoo animals must have their teeth _________ • To fill • Filled • Have filled • Fill • The man had his car_________ last week • To repair • Repaired • Have repaired • repair

15. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate option. • Like human beings, zoo animals must have a dentist _________ their teeth • To fill • Filled • Have filled • Fill • Like human beings, zoo animals must have their teeth _________ • To fill • Filled • Have filled • Fill • The man had his car_________ last week • To repair • Repaired • Have repaired • repair

16. Causative verb HAVE + object is the doer --------------- use V1(first form of the verb) Causative verb HAVE + object is not the doer ---------- use V3(Third form of the verb)

17. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate option. • Like human beings, zoo animals must get a dentist _________ their teeth • To fill • Filled • Have filled • Fill • Like human beings, zoo animals must get their teeth _________ • To fill • Filled • Have filled • Fill • The man got his car_________ last week • To repair • Repaired • Have repaired • repair

18. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate option. • Like human beings, zoo animals must get a dentist _________ their teeth • To fill • Filled • Have filled • Fill • Like human beings, zoo animals must get their teeth _________ • To fill • Filled • Have filled • Fill • The man got his car_________ last week • To repair • Repaired • Have repaired • repair

19. Causative verb GET + object is the doer --------------- use To + V1(first form of the verb) Causative verb GET + object is not the doer --------- use V3 (Third form of the verb) The man got the letter delivered yesterday. The man got the servant to deliver the letter.

20. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate option. • The mechanic mde the machine ________ again. • To work • Worked • Have worked • work • We were made _________ there till 6 PM. • To stay • stayed • Have stayed • stay • The horse was made _______ very fast. • To run • Ran • Have run • run

21. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate option. • The mechanic made the machine ________ again. • To work • Worked • Have worked • work • We were made _________ there till 6 PM. • To stay • stayed • Have stayed • stay • The horse was made _______ very fast. • To run • Ran • Have run • run

22. Causative verb MAKE + sentence is in active voice --------------- use V1(first form of the verb) Causative verb MAKE + sentence is in passive voice ------------- use To +V1(first form of the verb) • The mechanic made the machine work again. • We were made to stay there till 6 PM.

23. Find errors if any: • The old lady made her step daughter to do all the work. • We shall get this house to paint next month. • The man had his sons to break the sticks. • He had the letters to sign by all the employees. • Ram was made waiting there till 5 AM. • I shall have my car to wash today. • We can make this machine working again. • The manager got all his employees signed the contract. • She decided to have her teeth remove. • They had the man compensated for the loss.

24. Examine the sentences: • She likes dancing. • I like dancing. • She liked dancing when she was young..

25. Examine the sentences: • She likes dancing. • I like dancing. • She liked dancing when she was young. The verb ‘like’ changes according the subject and the tense whereas the verb ‘dancing’ does not change. ‘Like’ is a finite verb here whereas ‘dancing’ is a non-finite verb.

26. 4. Finite verbs These are the verbs that change themselves according to the subject or tense of the sentence or you can say according to the no. of persons present in the sentence. She walks. They walk. She is active. They are very active.

27. 5. Non Finite Verbs These are the verbs that do not change themselves according to the subject or tense of the sentence or you can say according to the no. of persons present in the sentence. They like dancing. I like dancing. He like dancing. The verb dancing is same for all the three subjects- they, i and he. I want to go. He wants to go. The verb ‘to go’ is same for both the subjects- i and he.

28. Non Finite Verbs are further of three types- (a) Participle (b) Infinitives (c)Gerunds

29. Non Finite Verbs are further of three types- (a) Participle: Participle acts as an adjective as well as verb. (b) Infinitives: It can be regarded as the most basic or rudimentary form of the given verb. It may be a noun, an adverb or an adjective. (c)Gerunds: Gerunds are those non-finite verbs which are actually modifications of the verb as a noun.

30. 1. Participle : Participle acts as an adjective as well as verb. She was crying due to her bleeding knees. (adjective) They jumped into the flowing river. Barking dogs seldom bite.

31. Participle is further of three types- • Present participle - V1 (1st form of verb ) + ing (continuity of actions) • They jumped into the flowing river. • Barking dogs seldom bite. • Past Participle - V3 (3rd form of verb ) • He has disposed of the broken chair • He is a confused person. • Perfect Participle - (having + V3) (completion of actions) • Having done the work, he went home. • Having taken lunch, he went to work.

32. Find errors if any: • While taking the exam, he went for a movie. • While reading the book, he fell asleep in between. • While eating meal, garima went back to work again. • Having walked in the field, a snake bit him. • While describing the chapter, she left for london. • While dancing in the room , the fan fell on her head. • While crossing the old bridge, the truck hit the old woman. • Being a rainy day, nobody came to the dance classes. • While robbing the house, the policeman arrested the thief. • Having arrested the thief was sent to jail. • Being discovered by a scientist, the kohinoor was placed in a special security cell.

33. Present Participle is used when the first action is going on or you can say when the first action is in continuation and in between the second action get started. While reading the book, he slept. While watching the movie, he cried. Perfect Participle is used when the first work get finished and after the completion of first work the second work started. Having taken the exam, he went for a movie. Having come from the market, she wrote a letter. Past participle is also used when the first work is finished and after the completion of first work , second work started and also second work is the result of first work. Being discovered by a scientist, the kohinoor was placed in a special security cell. The shrunken shirt was removed from the almirah. Troubled by the traffic, he parked his car near the park. Lost in my dreams , i almost had won the swimming championship. Impressed by my dress and looks , he ordered a red wine for me .

34. We always have to consider the actions in the sentences where present participle and perfect participle is used. While eating meal, garima went to work again. (wrong) Having eaten meal, garima went to work again. (correct) As work must be started after the completion of the first action (eaten meal) so perfect participle should be used in the sentence. While describing the chapter, she left for london. (wrong) Having described the chapter, she left for london. (correct) Having arrested the thief was sent to jail.(wrong) Having been arrested the thief was sent to jail. (correct) As the thief was not arrested by himself but by someone else so ‘been’ is used here. Every participle needs a subject (a verb always need a subject). While dancing in the room , the fan fell on her head. (wrong) While she was dancing in the room, the fan fell on her head. (correct) The common subject for both the verbs (dancing and fell) is fan in the sentence.But the fan was not dancing at all. Now a proper subject ‘she’ is used with dancing. While crossing the old bridge, the truck hits the old woman. (wrong) While she was crossing the old bridge. The old woman was hit by the truck. (correct) Being a rainy day, nobody came to the dance classes. (wrong) It being a rainy day, nobody came to the dance classes. (correct) While robbing the house, the policeman arrested the thief. (wrong) While robbing the house the thief was arrested by the policeman. (correct)

35. Being a rainy day, nobody came to the dance classes. (wrong) It being a rainy day, nobody came to the dance classes. (correct) While robbing the house, the policeman arrested the thief. (wrong) While robbing the house the thief was arrested by the policeman. (correct)

36. 2. Infinitives It can be regarded as the most basic or rudimentary form of the given verb. It may be a noun, an adverb or an adjective. There are two kinds of infinitives- • The bare infinitive (V1) • The full infinitive. (to + V1)

37. 2. Infinitives Infinitives can be used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. Look at these examples: To sleep is the only thing Eli wants after her double shift waiting tables at the neighborhood café. To sleep functions as a noun because it is the subject of the sentence. No matter how fascinating the biology dissection is, Emanuel turns his head and refuses to look. To look functions as a noun because it is the direct object for the verb refuses. Wherever Melissa goes, she always brings a book to read in case conversation lags or she has a long wait. To read functions as an adjective because it modifies book. Richard braved the icy rain to throw the smelly squid eyeball stew into the apartment dumpster. To throw functions as an adverb because it explains why Richard braved the inclement weather.

38. The bare infinitive does not use the word ‘to’ but uses the base form of the verb. Special Verb + Direct Object + Infinitive - to Help me catch the fish. An infinitive will lose its to when it follows certain verbs. These verbs are feel, hear, help, let, make, see, and watch. As soon as Theodore felt the rain splatter on his hot, dusty skin, he knew that he had a good excuse to return the lawn mower to the garage. Felt = Main verb; rain = direct object; splatter = infinitive minus the to. When Danny heard the alarm clock buzz, he slapped the snooze button and burrowed under the covers for ten more minutes of sleep. Heard = Main verb; alarm clock = direct object; buzz = infinitive minus the to. Although Dr. Ribley spent an extra class period helping us understand logarithms, we still bombed the test. Helping = Main verb; us = direct object; understand = infinitive minus the to.

39. Because Freddie had never touched a snake, I removed the cover of the cage and let him pet Squeeze, my seven-foot python. Let = Main verb; him = direct object; pet = infinitive minus the to. Since Jose had destroyed Sylvia's spotless kitchen while baking chocolate-broccoli muffins, she made him take her out for an expensive dinner. Made = Main verb; him = direct object; take = infinitive minus the to. I said a prayer when I saw my friends mount the Kumba, a frightening roller coaster that twists and rolls like a giant sea serpent. Saw = Main verb; my friends = direct object; mount = infinitive minus the to. Hoping to lose her fear of flying, Rachel went to the airport to watch passenger planes take off and land, but even this exercise did not convince her that jets were safe. Watch = Main verb; passenger planes = direct object; take, land = infinitives minus the to.

40. 3. Gerunds: Gerunds are those non-finite verbs which are actually modifications of the verb as a noun. The trick to identify a gerund is that the verb form generally ends with an ‘ing’. For example, Smoking is injurious to health and causes cancer. Playing a sport is essential for all-round development.

41. Examine the sentence: • Since he was five years old, swimming has been his passion. • He loves swimming. • He gives swimming all of his energy and time. • He was devoted to swimming. • His swimming coach is very generous. • The swimming pool is quite deep.

42. Find errors if any: • I pushed the door opened. • Riya washed the clothes cleaned.

43. Find errors if any: • I pushed the door opened. • Riya washed the clothes cleaned. Structure: ( V+ N+ Adj- first form of verb )

44. Find errors if any: • He would better spoke the truth. • He would rather completed his homework. • He does nothing but to blame others.

45. Find errors if any: • He would better speak the truth. • He would rather complete his homework. • He does nothing but blame others. Rule: Always use V1 with phrases like Had better, would better, had rather, would rather as they are used as modals. Also always use bare infinitive after phrase ‘nothing but’

46. Find errors if any: • I made her to sing • She was made to sing. • I can’t let her to go anywhere. • He helped the old man to cross the road.

47. Find errors if any: • I made her sing • She was made to sing. • I can’t let her go anywhere. • He helped the old man cross the road. RULE: With verbs like see, watch, notice, behold, hear, help, make, let use bare infinitive (V1) in active voice and To+ V1 in passive voice.

48. Find errors if any: • Rahul taught us to operate the machine. • She knows to swim. • Ram was very happy to find the job. • The old man is too weak for walking. • The box is heavy enough for carrying.

49. To +V1 is used for the following structure of sentences • Finite verb + object + question word + To + V1 • Subject + H.V + adjective + To + V1 • Too + adjective + To + V1 • adjective +Enough + To + V1 • Subject + Verb + adjective + To + V1 Examples: • Rahul taught us how to operate the machine. • She knows how to swim. • Ram was very happy to find the job. • The old man is too weak to walk. • The box is heavy enough to carry.

50. To +V1 is used for the following structure of sentences • Finite verb + object + question word + To + V1 • Subject + H.V + adjective + To + V1 • Too + adjective + To + V1 • adjective +Enough + To + V1 • Subject + Verb + adjective + To + V1 Examples: • Rahul taught us how to operate the machine. • She knows how to swim. • Ram was very happy to find the job. • The old man is too weak to walk. • The box is heavy enough to carry.