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1. Best English Notes For IAS Prelims Paper 2 - CSATEnglish Notes By Top TNPSC coaching centre in Chennai A noun is the name of of a person, place, thing ,quality, condition and action. Ram lives in delhi. I live in hyderabad. Types of noun • Proper noun • Common noun • Collective noun • Material noun • Abstract noun Best English Notes - Noun

2. Proper noun This noun denotes the name of a proper person,place or thing. Jaipur , chandigarh (proper place) Garima , neha (proper person) Singular verb is used with proper noun. 2. Common noun This noun denotes common persons and places or you can say that it includes name given to person or things of specific class or type. Boy , girl (common person) Village , city (common place) Phone , book (common thing)

3. 3. Collective noun This noun denotes collection of people or collection of things. Jury , team , committee etc. We use singular verb with collective noun. But if we consider collective noun in terms of members or the members of collective noun are being talked about then we use plural verb with them. • The committee has given its decision. • The jury agreed that its verdict is not guilty. • The cricket team practices near the old fort. • The team are taking bath in their bathrooms. • The audience are taking their seats. In the above sentences we are talking about members.

4. 4. Material noun All the materials are included in this noun. Tea, plastic, water, gold, oil etc. 5. Abstract noun This noun denotes quality, condition feelings and ideas of a person.’ Honesty , childhood , anger , pity etc.

5. Nouns are also classified as- • Countable noun These are the nouns which can be counted . Eg.- shreya, rupees, boy etc. As we can count so we can classify them as singular and plural. Singular verb is used with singular countable nouns. Plural verb is used with plural countable nouns. A girlis going. Girlsare going. 2. Uncountable noun These are the nouns which we can not count. Singular verb is used with uncountable nouns. Eg. - milk,knowledge, oil etc

6. There are certain nouns which can only be used in singular form as they are uncountable in nature- Luggage, baggage, knowledge, postage, wastage, pottery, poetry, scenery, bakery, confectionary, jewellery, equipment, evidence, information, fuel, cost, dirt, dust, hair, percentage, behaviour etc. We can not make the above mentioned words in plural form by adding ‘s’ with them. Article a/an cant be used with them. Much is used with uncountable nouns. Your hair is beautiful. She has vast knowledge about buddhism. The scenery of shimla is very charming. Harivansh rai bachchan is famous for his poetry. Plural verbs can be used with uncountable nouns by adding certain words before them. All pieces of information given by him were fake. (you should notice that here the verb ‘were’ is used for pieces and not for information). Some packets of bread were given to the orphan. (Here were is used for packets).

7. Noun and Case We consider four types of case in nouns- 1. Nominative / subjective case 2. Accusative / objective case 3. Dative case 4. Possessive case

8. 1. Nominative / subjective case In this case noun is used as the subject of the sentence. Shyam lives in village. Delhi is my favourite place. 2. Accusative / objective case In this case noun is used as the object of the sentence. I live in delhi. I have given my notebook to garima. 3. Dative case In this case noun is being addressed in the sentence. Ram, read carefully. Sita, walk slowly. 4. Possessive case In this case Possession of noun is shown in the sentence. Apostrophe is used to show the possessions of noun. Rahul’ s notebook Riya’ s book

9. Find errors if any: • Meera’s car • Meera’s Agarwal car • Meera Agarwal’s, an entrepreneur car • Meera Agarwal’s, an entrepreneur in India car • The teapot’s handle is golden in colour. • Keyboard’s keys are not working well. • No one can escape death’s hand. • Spring’s charm is mesmerizing. • She studies in a girl’s college. • She studies in a women’s college. • She is a lady doctor.

10. Find errors if any: • This is Ramesh’s pen. • This is Agarwal and sons’s shop. • Ram’s and shyam’s brother is very naughty. • Ram’s and Shyam’s fathers are good friends. • My mother’s cousin’s brother is working in IT sector. • My sister’s husband’s mother is not well.

11. We can not use apostrophe with non living things. The teapot’s handle is golden in colour.(wrong) The handle of the teapot is golden in colour.(correct) Keyboard’s keys are not working well.(wrong) The keys of the keyboard are not working well.(correct) But while personifying non living things, apostrophe is used- Death’s hand Spring’s charm In order to show the possession of Plural noun ending with ‘s’. We do not repeat ‘s’ while using apostrophe with them- Cows’ horn Girls’ college Women’s college (here the plural form does not contain ‘s’ in it.) While pronouncing a noun, if it ends in hissing sound then we do not use ‘s’ while using apostrophe with them- Peace’ sake Conscience’ sake Ganesh’ idol

12. If the possession of two nouns is same then apostrophe is only used with the latter noun- Sehrawat and sons’ (shop) Choudhary and grandsons’ (shop) Ram and shyam’s brother is very naughty. If the possession of two nouns is different then we use apostrophe with both the nouns- Dinkar’s and Nirala’s poem Ram’s and Shyam’s fathers are good friends. Do not use double apostrophe adjacently My mother’s cousin’s brother is working in IT sector.(wrong) The brother of my mother’s cousin is working in IT sector.(correct) My sister’s husband’s mother is not well.(wrong) The mother of my sister’s husband is not well.(correct)

13. Noun and gender Gender of nouns is divided into four parts- 1.Masculine gender It represents male gender. 2.Feminine gender It represents female gender. 3.Common gender It represents both male and female gender. Thief,neighbour,servant,teacher,doctor,student etc. 4.Neutral gender It neither represents males nor females. It represents non living things. Copy,book,chair,etc

14. Find errors if any: • The sun glared at me with his cruel eyes. • Death with his bare hands was waiting for her. • Thunder is making his way through the town. • The moon is dancing in the sky with her bright light. • Nature has shown her cruelty on the people of bhuj. • France is proud of her architects. • France and its neighbours entered into a treaty. • Everyone should perform their duties well. • Someone is going outside with her blue bicycle. • Someone has stolen her purse.

15. Personification of non living things: There are certain nouns which are used to show strength,energy, power and firmness. Such nouns are considered as masculine in gender. So pronouns representing male gender(he, him, his, himself) are used with them. Sun,time,death,winter, wind, thunder,ocean,war The sun glared at me with his cruel eyes. Death with his bare hands was waiting for her. Thunder is making his way through the town. (in the above sentences we are personifying-thunder and death)

16. Personification of non living things: There are certain nouns which are used to show beauty, gracefulness,and gentleness. Such nouns are considered as feminine in gender. So pronouns representing female gender are used for them. Ship,car,train,truth,modesty,pride,liberty,faith,spring,city,country,flattery,virtue,mercy, nature ,jealousy,the moon,river,the earth,nation,hope,humanity,peace,fame,justice The moon is dancing in the sky with her bright light. Nature has shown her cruelty on the people of bhuj. France is proud of her architects. (in the above sentences we are personifying -nature and the moon) Note -when geographical conditions of a country are being discussed then we use ‘it’ for the country. India and its neighbours

17. We always use masculine gender pronouns with the following words- Everyone, anyone, no one, someone,everybody, nobody, somebody, anybody(indefinite pronoun) Everyone should perform his duties well. Someone is going outside with his blue bicycle. Someone has stolen her purse. (her does not indicate someone)

18. Find errors if any: • The doctor and her patient are talking loudly. • The teacher is teaching with a red pen in her hand. • The woman doctor and her patient are talking loudly. • The baby has broken his left arm. • The child who is playing has blue bottle in his hands. • The child who won the competition last night was a boy. He was very active. • The baby was a girl.She was very beautiful.

19. Common gender It represents both male and female gender. Thief,neighbour,servant,teacher,doctor,student etc. The gender of the above nouns is not clear. As we live in male dominating society so when the gender of the nouns is not clear ,we always use masculine gender for them. The doctor and his patient are talking loudly. The teacher is teaching with a red pen in his hand. Baby,infant,child We do not know the gender of the above nouns. So we use it,itself, and its for them. The baby has broken its left arm. The child who is playing has blue bottle in his hands. But if their gender is mentioned initially then we can use he/she for them according to the gender. The child who won the competition last night was a boy.He was very active. The baby was a girl.She was very beautiful.

20. Find errors if any: • He is becoming weak days by days. • Cars after cars is arriving. • Doors to doors service will be provided for polio drops. • I have given him two thousands rupees. • I bought four dozens oranges. • I donated six thousands rupees in charity. • Thousand of people go for hajj every year. • Million of rupees got wasted on this project. • She donated thousand of rupees. • I need one million of rupees.

21. RULES 1. If a noun is followed by a preposition and then the same noun is repeated , singular form of the noun will be used. He is becoming weak day by day. Car after car is arriving. Doorto door service will be provided for polio drops. 2. If a definite numeral adjective(one,two,three….) is followed by the following nouns then the nouns should be used in singular form. Pair, score, hundred, thousand, dozen,million,billion,stone,gross etc. I have given him two thousand rupees. I bought fourdozen oranges. I donated sixthousand rupees in charity. But if the above mentioned nouns are followed by ‘of’ then the nouns will be used in plural form. Thousandsof people go for hajj every year. Millionsof rupees got wasted on this project. She donated thousandsof rupees.

22. RULES 3. Certain nouns exist in plural form only. We can not make them singular by removing their ‘s’. So plural verb is used with them. Such nouns are- Pants,pajamas,trousers,shorts,knickers,scissors,tongs,sunglasses,binoculars,spectacles,goggles,Surroundings,outskirts,alms,wages,proceeds,remains,congratulations,regards,thanks,savings,Fireworks,amends,braces,tactics,troops,valuables,belongings etc. Where are my trousers? I need a bit time to admire my surroundings. He was born in noida,on the outskirts of delhi,in 2002. 4.some nouns exist in plural form(ends with ‘s’) but they are singular in meaning so we use singular verb with them. Such nouns are- Physics,economics,linguistics,mathematics,politics,innings,ethics,mumps,measles,rickets,billiards,athletics,news. Physics is a tough subject. Billiards is my favourite game. No news is a good news.

23. RULES 5.some nouns exist in singular form(do not end with ‘s’) but are plural in meaning . so plural verbs are used with them. Such nouns are- Cavalry,gentry,clergy,infantry,poultry,peasantry,cattle,children etc. The peasantry of this village have their own farms. The gentry of this colony generally have their get togethers at community centre. Cattle are grazing in the farm. 6. There are certain nouns that exist in a single form in both singular and plural forms. Such nouns are- Fish,sheep,series,deer,aircraft,counsel etc. One fish is there in the pond. There are many fish in the pond.

24. Find errors if any: • My teacher likes the literature of the sixteenth and seventeenth century. • My teacher likes the literature of the sixteenth and the seventeenth century. • The first and the second chapters of this book are interesting. • The first and second chapters of this book are interesting. • We have to taste the sweet and bitter of our lives. • The essential of life must be available to all. • There are two Rahul in my class. • The brethrens of this locality are always at daggers drawn without any apparent reason. • I have read Tagore’s poems wo is a great poet.. • The headquarter of the Army is in Delhi. • He introduced me to his mother who is a singer and a doctor. • The train got derailed and resulted into many persons death. • The deputy commissioner has appointed a five members committee to enquire into the matter.

25. Some singular and plural forms of nouns are given below. Singular Plural Phenomenon Criterion Singular Plural Analysis Crisis Hypothesis Basis Thesis Parenthesis Singular Plural Spoonful Mouthful Glassful Handful Cupful

26. Some singular and plural forms of nouns are given below. Singular Plural Phenomenon Phenomena Criterion Criteria Singular Plural Analysis Analyses Crisis Crises Hypothesis Hypotheses Basis Bases Thesis Theses Parenthesis Parentheses Singular Plural Spoonful Spoonfuls Mouthful Mouthfuls Glassful Glassfuls Handful Handfuls Cupful Cupfuls

27. Singular Plural Commander-in-chief Son-in-law Sister-in-law Mother-in-law Step-father Step-brother Maid-servant Major-general Singular Plural Woman Foot Singular Dormouse Louse Man Mouse Tooth Goose Oasis

28. Singular Plural Commander-in-chief Commanders-in-chief Son-in-law Sons-in-law Sister-in-law Sisters-in-law Mother-in-law Mothers-in-law Step-father Step-fathers Step-brother Step-brothers Maid-servant Maid-servants Major-general Major-generals Singular Plural Woman Women Foot Feet Singular Plural Dormouse Dormice Louse Lice Man Men Mouse Mice Tooth Teeth Goose Geese Oasis Oases

29. Singular Plural Man servant Woman doctor Man hater Woman lover Singular Plural Child Ox Singular Plural Datum Ovum Dictum Memorandum Stratum Agendum

30. Singular Plural Man servant Men servants Woman doctor Women doctors Man hater Man haters Woman lover Woman lovers Singular Plural Child Children Ox Oxen Singular Plural Datum Data Ovum Ova Dictum Dicta Memorandum Memoranda Stratum Strata Agendum Agenda

31. ERROR DETECTION BASED ON NOUN 1.(a)All his brother-in-laws/(b)were very excited about/(c)his engagement/(d)no error 2.(a)Everyone should submit/(b) her semester report on/(c) time otherwise marks will be deducted/(d) no error 3.(a)The child with blue eyes/(b) and golden hair has/(c) broken his leg while jumping/(d)from the wall/(e)no error 4.(a)The child who won/(b) the swimming championship/(c) was a boy./(d)It was very active./(e)np error 5.(a)My mother’s brother’s wife/(b) has been elected as the/ (chairperson of the happiness club./(d)no error 6.(a)The teapot’s handle/(b) has broken and we/(c) must fix it in order /(d)to avoid any inconvenience./(e)no error 7.(a)My cousin brother is/(b) getting married this/(c)week and i am so excited for him./(d)no error 8.(a)The gentry of this colony/(b) was present in the community hall/(c)for the celebration/(d)of holi.(e)no error 9.(a)I know a lady doctor who/(b) lives near your home and /(c)you can discuss your problem/(d) with her without any hesitation./ (e) no error 10.(a)Being a benevolent in nature,/(b) he donated ten thousands rupees/(c) to the old age home of Ranchi./(d)no error

32. ERROR DETECTION BASED ON NOUN 11.(a)The girl with pink spectacle/(b) was standing behind the door/(c) while playing hide and seek with/(d) her brother./(e)no error 12.(a)The costs of /(b) meat is going high day by day /(c)so the government is planning to /(d) ban it for few days./(e)no error 13.(a)I have given him/(b)two handful of rice/(c)as he was very/(d)hungry from yesterday./(e)no error 14.(a)The sheafs of the corn were/(b)collected so that they can be/(c)taken to market/(d)for sale./(e)no error 15.(a)I visited john’s and keith's /(b)house thrice but/(c)found the couple /(d)absent./(e)no error 16.(a)The cost of /(b)meat is going high days by days/(c)so the government is planning to /(d)ban it for few days./(e)no error 17.(a)New equipments have/(b) been ordered by the/(c)company to fulfill/(d)the requirements of its employees./(e)no error 18.(a)sheeps are considered as/(b)very useful animals/(c)/They provide us meat(d)as well as wool./(e)no error 19.(a)The content of /(b)this book is very helpful/(c)for the students/(d)who are preparing for IIT-JEE./(e)no error 20.(a)kalpana chawla was the/(b)astrologer who went to/(c)space and/(d)never came back/(e)no error

33. PREVIOUS ASKED QUESTIONS :- 1.(a)My sister/(b)has read/(c)pages after pages/(d)of bible(e)no error 2.(a) A milk/(b) can provide/(c) protein for a/(d) nutritionally balanced diet./(e)no error 3.(a) Of the billions of stars in the galaxy,/(b) how much/(c) are suitable/(d) for life./(e)no error 4.(a) The lawyer asked the complainant/(b) to put his sign/(c) on the paper./(d)no error 5.(a) The beautiful/(b) surrounding of the place/(c) enchanted me./(d)no error 6.(a) No porter being available/(b) he carried/(c) all his luggages himself./(d) no error 7.(a) The table’s legs/(b) have been/(c) elaborately carved./(d) NO ERROR 8.(a) A few tiles on skylab/(b) were the only equipments/(c) that failed to perform well in outer space./(d) no error 9.(a) This misogynist hates/(b) all mother-in-laws,/(c) lady-doctors and house maids./(d) no error 10.(a) I/(b) have/(c) many works to do./(d) no error

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