Film Clip: Rise of Russian Nationalism

1. Film Clip: Rise of Russian Nationalism

2. Who is this? What do you think when you look at this picture? As an unfortunate Russian, what would you think about your government?

3. The Reign of Nicholas II Conditions I. The Tsar Nicholas II • He inherited the thrown in 1894, continuing the Romonov dynasty his family held since 1613. • He was not as popular as his father. • Due to his and his wife’s, Alexandra, personality, the nobles, generals and ambassadors felt alienated. • Their son, Alexi was stricken with hemophilia, a disease.

4. The Reign of Nicholas II II. Tsar’s Naivete: A. Nicholas II wrongly believed that Russia faced no serious threats to its stability. B. He believed that Russians saw him as “little father”. C. He thought only radicals were dissatisfied with Russian society and the tsarist regime. Many Russians felt this way. D. Many blamed Nicholas II for Russia’s problems.

5. The Reign of Nicholas II Results III. A Politically unstable Russia • Middle-class liberals wanted a democratic constitution to give them rights and break the traditional hold on power held by the Russian nobility. • National minorities, like Poles, Ukrainians, and Lithuanians, resented Russian domination and wanted independence. • Landless peasants sought their own land, workers sought labor unions. • Nicholas II’s secret police persecuted liberals, peasants, minorities, and workers.

6. What event is taking place? Who is being shot? Who is shooting? How would such an event affect the Tsar?

7. Bloody Sunday Conditions I. Bloody Sunday • Sunday, January 22, 1905, Father Gapon, a Russian Orthodox priest, led a peaceful march of workers through St. Petersburg towards the Tsar’s Winter Palace. • Workers wanted to present a petition to the tsar that described the hardships of their life and asking for: - creation of a constitution - the right to form unions - and better working conditions • These people still believed that the tsar’s regime would protect and help them • Palace guards feared that this crowd was revolting and opened fire. • Several hundred workers were killed or wounded.

8. What do you see? What do the stars around him say? What is the cartoon’s meaning/message?

9. The 1905 Revolution Results I. The 1905 Revolution • Riots and revolts were sparked by Bloody Sunday • These collective skirmishes were called the 1905 Revolution. • 10 days of strikes and demonstrations that completely halted all industry, work and transportation. • The revolution successfully stopped normal daily life in Russia

10. The 1905 Revolution II. The First Soviets • The intelligentsia – made up of radical, well-educated middle-class people wanted to change Russian society. • Radicals organized workers, peasants, and soldiers into councils called soviets. • Radicals used Soviets to organize the working class and to spread their ideas about change.

11. The 1905 Revolution III. The Duma: • October Manifesto – October 30, 1905 promised - people freedom of conscience, speech, assembly, and press. - a congress, DUMA - all laws would be approved by the Duma • The tsar appointed half of the Duma to approve, to create laws. • The tsar still had power of the military, foreign policy, and the secret police. • Between 1906-1916, Nicholas shut down four different Dumas.

12. The 1905 Revolution IV. Stolypin’s Reforms: • Peter Stolypin – Prime Minister 1906-1911 • Felt that poor peasants should be given a better life so that they would not join radical groups. • Lands were given creating a new, prosperous class of farmers. • Assassinated in 1911 by radicals in the secret police.

13. What is going on? Why would the Russians be against the war? Why was there lack of weapons for soldiers?

14. WWI in Russia Conditions I. World War I: • Russia was part of the Allies. • Germany declared war on Russia after it found out Russia was mobilizing only because Russia’s transportation system was undeveloped

15. WWI in Russia II. The Army: • Russia was having early success but at the Battle of Tannenburg, it lost 170,000 soldiers. • Transportation of troops and weapons was difficult.

16. WWI in Russia III. Nicholas at the front, Rasputin at the court • Nicholas was at the front lined during the war so Alexandra controlled day to day business. • She, in turn, gave power to Rasputin, who created scandal due to misconduct and corruptness.

17. WWI in Russia Results IV. Discontent: • Goods were lacking in the markets, food was scarce • Soldiers were upset at the lack of supplies/weapons. • Average of 30,000 casualties a month, many were deserting.

18. WWI in Russia V. Destruction during WWI: • Russia lost land to Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Poland, and Romania • Billions of dollars lost in loans, damages, and military. • Huge amount of casualties, more than any other country.

19. What does the pyramid represent? What is at which level? Does this represent the public’s opinion? Aleksei Radakov The Autocratic System (1917)We reign; we pray for you; we judge you; we guard you; we feed you; AND YOU WORK!

20. The February Revolution Conditions I. The Women’s March: • In 1917, women took to the streets to demand “bread and peace”. • Four days later, 26 soldiers, sailors, palace guards joined factory workers in the streets. • Marchers went to the Duma to seek leadership; many joined them in demanding bread for all and peace.

21. The February Revolution II. The Petrograd Soviet: • The soviets met again (hadn’t met since 1905). • The quickly became the center of authority.

22. The February Revolution III. The Provisional Government • Formed by liberal members of the Duma. • Purpose: restore order and establish contact with public organizations and institutions. • It competed with the Petrograd soviet (Executive Committee of Petrograd Soviet) for control.

23. The February Revolution Results IV. The Tsar Abdicates: • He was still at the front receiving cables from the tsarina stating the capital was stable. By the time he traveled back, workers had seized the railroads blocking his entrance into Petrograd (St. Petersburg). • March 2, he signed a proclamation of abdication • Romanov dynasty ended.

24. Film Clip: The Fall of the Russian Monarchy

25. The February Revolution V. Alexander Kerensky: • Dominated the provisional Government. • member of the Executive committee of the Petrograd Soviet. • It was his decision to keep Russia in WWI.

26. Who is this person in the picture? What did he promise people? How did he handle the civil war? Did he follow through with the revolution’s intent?

27. In 1917, the Czar abdicated. Democracy came to Russia. The Russians set up Soviets – the local branches of workers parties. In November 1917 Lenin and the Bolsheviks took over power in Russia. Lenin’s Bolshevik party changed its name to Communists – after Karl Marx’s classless society.

28. Lenin and the Great October Revolution Conditions • Lenin’s Leadership: • Led the Bolsheviks to be the revolutionary leaders. • In 1903, the Bolshevik party split into Lenin’s faction, the Bolsheviks (majorityists), and the Mensheviks (minorityists).

29. Lenin and the Great October Revolution II. Peace, Land, and Bread: • Lenin was given passage into Russia by the Central Powers in hope of him distracting Russia. • He immediately began denouncing the Provisional government promising peace, bread, and land. • Peace for soldiers, • Bread for workers, • Land for peasants.

30. Film Clip: Peace, Land & Bread

31. Lenin and the Great October Revolution III. The Red Guard: • Lenin once again was in exile and Trotsky took his place leading the Bolshevik militia/Red Guard. • They came to the rescue after an army general, Kornilov, sought power in Petrograd.

32. Lenin and the Great October Revolution Results IV. The Russian Revolution: • By October 25, 1917-Trotsky’s troops had seized most of Petrograd and Lenin proclaimed a Bolshevik state.

33. Over 15 million Russians die during the Civil War… Russia would have a difficult time trusting the Allies again… The Russians at first think that their Revolution would be welcomed by the American and French people (who had also had successful revolutions for freedom and democracy) American and Allied forces invade and occupy much of Russia The Russians write letters of goodwill to the Americans… who immediately send troops into Russia to put down the Revolution…

34. How did Western Nations respond to the Russian Revolution? Western leaders sent their armies into Russia to overthrow the revolution and restore the Czar. In the USA discrimination white men voted rich industrialists owned everything sharecropping In Russia equality everyone voted workers were given control of factories peasants were given land The Russian Revolution might become a dangerous example to the poor in the west. Western countries were controlled by wealthy leaders who saw the new ideas that the Russians had as dangerous.

35. Lenin and the Great October Revolution V. The Civil War: A. Lenin nationalized all the land. B. anti-Bolshevik forces were forming the provinces (called the Whites). C. War Communism: seizing grain from peasants to feed the Bolshevik troops D. Secret Police: The Cheka would later become the NKVD. E. They established the gulag: forced labor camps for political and criminal prisoners, usually Siberia.

36. Lenin and the Great October Revolution VI. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: A. March 3, 1918, the Bolshevics and Germans signed a treaty making Russia lose: - 1/3 of its population - ¼ of its income - ½ of its industries C. By 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war

37. 1. What do you think Lenin will do to bring prosperity to the Soviet Union? 2. Who do you predict will lead the U.S.S.R after Lenin dies?

38. The Soviet Union Under Lenin Conditions • Chaos in Russia by 1922: A. Lenin hoped to make Russia the model Marxist society ridding it of illiteracy, poverty, and unemployment. B. Due to Russia’s communist beliefs, the Western nations blockaded it – caused Russia’s industry to halt.

39. The Revolution and Civil War left Russia poor and destroyed. To improve the economy, Lenin started the NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP). Lenin wanted the economy to develop before Russia could move to a communist state.

40. But, what about Russia? By 1900, Europe enjoyed the benefits of the Industrial Revolution.

41. The Soviet Union Under Lenin Results: II. The New Economic Policy: A. Created in 1921, the NEP was “taking one step backward to go two steps forward.” It introduced limited capitalism allowing peasants the right to sell their food in open markets. B. The government maintained control of major industries. C. It was a major success bringing prosperity

42. The Industrial Revolution brought about huge changes in society. Philosophers tried to explain the way that the world had changed. The most influential thinker of the times was a German named Karl Marx...

43. The Soviet Union Under Lenin III . The Communist Party (the new Bolshevik name): A. Lenin passed laws to make all people equal, allowing them to vote, including woman. B. The Church was stripped out of everything. C. The government began to open public education centers to clinics to educate the public and to offer healthcare to the poor.