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Energy Consumption, Sources, and Projections

Learn about energy forms, calculations, and comparisons in a rural setting. Explore traditional and renewable sources of energy for a sustainable future. Consider costs, consumption rates, and implications.

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Energy Consumption, Sources, and Projections

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  1. Energy Part 1 – Types, Usage, and Projections

  2. Definitions • Energy = the ability to do work • Measured in joules • Power = work/ time • Measured in watts = joules/second

  3. Forms of Energy

  4. Power and Units

  5. Conversions – Sample APES problems • Thorpeville is a rural community with a population of 8,000 homes. It gets electricity from a small, municipal coal-burning power plant just outside of town. The power plant’s capacity is rated at 20 megawatts with the average home consuming 10,000 kilowatt hours (kWh) of electricity per year. Residents of Thorpeville pay the utility $0.12 per kWh. A group of entrepreneurs is suggesting that the residents support a measure to install 10 wind turbines on existing farmland. Each wind turbine is capable of producing 1.5 MW of electricity. The cost per wind turbine is $2.5 million to purchase and operate for 20 years.

  6. Conversions – Sample APES problems a) The existing power plant runs 8,000 hours per year. How many kWh of electricity is the current plant capable of producing?

  7. Conversions – Sample APES problems b) How many kWh of electicity do the residents of Thorpville consume in one year?

  8. Conversions – Sample APES problems c) Compare answers in (a) and (b). What conclusions can you make?

  9. Conversions – Sample APES problems d) Assuming the population of Thropeville remains the same for the next 20 years, and that elecricity consumption remains the stable per household, what would be the cost (expressed in $ per kWh) of electricity to the residents over the next 20 years if they decided to go with the wind turbines?

  10. Conversions – Sample APES problems e) What are pros and cons of the existing coal-burning plant compared to the wind farm? (Hint: use information you calculated plus what you know about these forms of energy)

  11. Conversions – Sample APES problems • An electric water heater requires 0.30 kWh to heat a gallon of water. The thermostat is set to 150°F. The cost of electricity is $0.20 per kWh. A washing machine with a flow rate of 6.0 gallons per minute runs four times each Saturday. Each time is runs it takes in water for a total of 15 minutes.

  12. Conversions – Sample APES problems a) How much total water does the washing machine use in one year?

  13. Conversions – Sample APES problems b) Calculate the annual cost of the electricity for the washing machine, assuming that 3.0 gallons per minute of the water used by the machine comes form the hot-water heater.

  14. Thermodynamics • 1st law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed. • 2nd law: When energy is converted from one form to another, a less useful form results (energy quality). Energy cannot be recycled to a higher quality.

  15. Energy consumption • Prehistory to industrial revolution – wood • Industrial revolution to mid 20th century – coal • Mid 20th century to today – petroleum • Natural gas and coal experience booms in later half of the 20th century due to technological advances

  16. Energy consumption by Source

  17. Energy consumption in the US • US was self-sufficient until the late 1950’s • Then consumption began to outpace production leading to oil imports • What happened to change this?

  18. Energy consumption by sector • Industry > transportation > residential > commercial

  19. Petroleum • In 1998, net imports of oil surpassed the domestic supply • US accounts for 25% of world consumption of petroleum

  20. US Production vs. Consumption • In US most energy comes from non-renewable sources • Renewable = biomass, geothermal, hydropower, solar energy, and wind energy

  21. US Energy

  22. Short-term Fossil Fuels Most economic, reliable, and realistic sources of energy are: Already have the infrastructure and technology to acquire Not the most Environmentally Friendly Will run out of some day Long-term Renewables Nuclear Need to develop infrastructure and technology to make efficient Eg: charging stations for electric cars and car batteries that can charge in minutes not hours Future Energy Sources

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