Introducing sources

1. Introducing sources J. Eagan English

2. When do I quote or paraphrase? • 1.) When you use another person’s words or ideas • 2.) Use quotations and paraphrases in strategically selected moments. • 3.) Using as much evidence as possible from sources to make your point is essential. • 4.) Using too many quotations does not highlight any of your own original thinking

3. Gather information about sources Source 2 Author(s)______________________ Title____________________________________________________ Publication____________________ Date_________________________ • Source 1 • Author(s)______________________ • Title____________________________________________________ • Publication____________________ • Date_________________________

4. First time you cite • Introduce the author’s full name and title of the article, and paragraph or page number. The first example is with paragraph numbers, and the second is with page numbers. • Example 1: • In the Time magazine article “The Case Against Summer Vacation,” David Von Drehleargues, “larking through summer is a luxury we can’t afford” (par. 1). • Example 2: • In the Los Angeles Times article “ A Lesson in the Value of Summer Vacation,” Joe Matthews explains that “[s]chool officials, battling absenteeism, saw little advantage in opening schools on summer days or on holidays when many students wouldn’t show up” (12).

5. Subsequent citations • Use only last name of author(s) Example 1: Von Drehle argues, “larking through summer is a luxury we can’t afford (par. 1). Example 2: Matthews explains that “[s]chool officials, battling absenteeism, saw little advantage in opening schools on summer days or on holidays when many students wouldn’t show up” (12). Example 3 (Paraphrase): Despite criticism, Johnston agrees that smoking should be banned in all public places (67).

6. Subsequent citations • 1.) If you don’t mention the author in you sentence, you will put their last name and paragraph number in the parenthetical citation Example 1: Learning loss in the summer is unfairly distributed among students from different backgrounds: “better-off kids held steady or continued to make progress . . . , but disadvantaged students fell back” (Von Drehle, par. 3). Example 2: The history of summer vacation for students in the United states has “created a culture of summer, of freedom and romance and personal growth” (Matthews 19). Example 3 (Paraphrase): By calling them ignorant, the author implies that they were unschooled and narrow minded (Jackson 68)

7. Setting up direct quotes or paraphrases • 1.) Lead in to the quote (provide an appropriate sentence that provides context for the quote you will use) • 2.) Attribute the quote (tell your reader who is speaking; Von Drehle’s article uses many sources. Look to him as a model. Does he introduce his sources?) • 3.) Provide a citation • 4.) Explain significance of the quote (how does the quote provide support or explanation of your paragraph’s main idea and to your thesis)

8. Direct Quotation • Ineffective Use of Quotation • Today, we are too self-centered. “We are consumers-on-the-run . . . the very notion of the family meal as a sit-down occasion is vanishing. Adults and children alike eat . . . on the way to their next activity” (Gleick 148). Everything is about what we want. • A More Effective Use of Quotation • Today, Americans are too self-centered. Even our families don't matter as much anymore as they once did. Other people and activities take precedence, as James Gleick says in his book, Faster : “We are consumers-on-the-run . . . the very notion of the family meal as a sit-down occasion is vanishing.Adults and children alike eat . . . on the way to their next activity” (148). Sit-down meals are a time to share and connect with others; however, that connection has become less valued, as families begin to prize individual activities over shared time, promoting self-centeredness over group identity.

9. Paraphrase • Weak use of evidenceToday, we are too self-centered. Most families no longer sit down to eat together, preferring instead to eat on the go while rushing to the next appointment (Gleick 148). Everything is about what we want. • Stronger use of evidence • Today, Americans are too self-centered. Even our families don't matter as much anymore as they once did. Other people and activities take precedence. In fact, the evidence shows that most American families no longer eat together, preferring instead to eat on the go while rushing to the next appointment (Gleick 148). Sit-down meals are a time to share and connect with others; however, that connection has become less valued, as families begin to prize individual activities over shared time, promoting self-centeredness over group identity.

10. How do I embed a quote? • 1.) Lead with a colon • Learning loss in the summer is unfairly distributed among students from different backgrounds: “better-off kids held steady or continued to make progress . . . , but disadvantaged students fell back” (Von Drehle, par. 3). • 2.) Introduce or conclude the quote by attributing it to the speaker. If yourattribution precedes the quote, you will need to use a comma after the verb. • Von Drehle argues, “larking through summer is a luxury we can’t afford” (par. 1). • 3.) Use the words of the quote grammatically within your own sentence. (The best way) • Tiffany Edwards, a Laramie reporter, said that she was glad that the media was there because “the media actually made people accountable, because they had to think” (Kaufman 49). • * Note that when you use “that” after a verb that introduces a quote, you no longer need a comma

11. Words to Introduce Quotes • Avoid getting into the “he/she said” attribution rut! There are many other ways to attribute quotes besides this construction. Here are a few alternative verbs, usually followed by “that”: • Add, remark, exclaim • Announce, reply, state • Comment, respond, estimate • Write, point out, predict, expresses • Argue, suggest, propose • Declare, criticize, proclaim • note, complain, observe, think, note

12. Ellipses . . . are . . . Awesome!!! • There are a few rules to follow when using ellipses: • 1.) Whenever you want to leave out material from within a quotation, you need to use an ellipsis, which is a series of three periods, each of which should be preceded and followed by a space. • 2.) Do not use ellipses at the beginning or ending of quotations, unless it’s important for the reader to know that the quotation was truncated. • 3.) Be sure that you don’t fundamentally change the meaning of the quotation by omitting material. • *So, an ellipsis in this sentence would look like . . . this.

13. Miscellaneous Rules • 1) Keep periods and commas within quotation marks. • According to Professor Jones, Lincoln “feared the spread of slavery,” but many of his aides advised him to “watch and wait.” • 2) Place all other punctuation marks (colons, semicolons, exclamation marks, question marks) outside the quotation marks, except when they were part of the original quotation. • Take a look at the following examples: • The student wrote that the U. S. Civil War “finally ended around 1900″! • The coach yelled, “Run!” • 3.) Quotations within quotations require single quotes. • Brent Staples argues in his essay about IQ as an object of reverence: “Most scientists concede that they don’t really know what ‘intelligence’ is. Whatever it might be, paper and pencil tests aren’t the tenth of it” (293).

14. Additional Rules • 4.) Indirect Quotation • When you want to quote the words that you found quoted in someone else’s work, put the name of the person whose words you’re quoting in your own sentence. Give the work where you found the quotation either in your sentence or in a parenthetical citation beginning with “qtd. in”. • Martin Scorsese acknowledges the link between himself and his films: “I realize that all my life, I’ve been an outsider. I splatter bits of myself all over the screen” (qtd. in Giannetti and Eyman 397). • Giannetti and Eyman quote Martin Scorsese as acknowledging the link between himself and his films: “I realize that all my life, I’ve been an outsider. I splatter bits of myself all over the screen” (397).

15. Works Cited page • Page from a website. • Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site. Version number. Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available). Medium of publication. Date of access. • "How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow. Demand Media, n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2009. Let’s try one out. Go to: http://www.tuskegee.edu/about_us/centers_of_excellence/bioethics_center/about_the_usphs_syphilis_study.aspx

16. An article from an online database • Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Journal Title Volume #.Issue# (Year published): page range. Database Name. Web. Date Accessed. • Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century England.” Historical Journal 50.1 (2007): 173-96. ProQuest. Web. 27 May 2009. • TRY ONE OUT for yourself • Go to this link: http://people.virginia.edu/~ent3c/papers2/three_laws.pdf