Energy Flow in Ecosystems

1. Energy Flow in Ecosystems • Key Ideas: • The energy role of an organism is that of a producer, consumer, or decomposer. • Producers are the source of all the food in an ecosystem. • Consumers include herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and scavengers. • Decomposers return nutrients to the environment where they can be used again. • A food web shows feeding relationships. • At each level in an energy pyramid, there is less available energy than at the level below. • Additional Key Terms: food chain

2. - Energy Flow in Ecosystems Food Chains and Food Webs • The movement of energy though an ecosystem can be shown in diagrams called food chains and food webs.

3. Key Terms: Examples: energy pyramid food web producers - Energy Flow in Ecosystems Building Vocabulary • A definition states the meaning of a word or phrase by telling about its most important feature or function. After you read the section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use all the information you have learned to write a definition of each Key Term in your own words. Key Terms: Examples: food chain consumer herbivore omnivore carnivore scavenger In a food chain, a consumer could be an herbivore, an omnivore, or a carnivore, including a scavenger. An energy pyramid shows how much energy moves from one level to another in a food web, beginning with the producers. decomposer Decomposers are nature’s recyclers.

4. End of Section:Energy Flow in Ecosystems

5. Cycles of Matter • Key Ideas: • Matter cycles through an ecosystem. Energy must be supplied constantly. • The processes of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation form the water cycle. • Additional Key Terms:

6. - Cycles of Matter The Water Cycle • The processes of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation make up the water cycle.

7. - Cycles of Matter The Carbon and Oxygen Cycles • In ecosystems, the processes by which carbon and oxygen are recycled are linked. Producers, consumers, and decomposers play roles in recycling carbon and oxygen.

8. - Cycles of Matter The Nitrogen Cycle • In the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen moves from the air to the soil, into living things, and back into the air.

9. - Cycles of Matter Sequencing • Sequence is the order in which a series of events occurs. As you read, make a cycle diagram that shows the water cycle. Write each event of the water cycle in a separate oval. The Water Cycle Water evaporates. Precipitation runs off or becomes groundwater. Clouds form. Precipitation falls.

10. End of Section:Cycles of Matter

11. Biogeography • Key Ideas: • Means of dispersal or organisms include continental drift, wind, water, and living organism. • Three factors that limit dispersal are physical barriers, competition, and climate. • Additional Key Terms: biogeography, native species, exotic species, invasive species

12. - Biogeography Continental Drift • One factor that has affected how species are distributed is the motion of Earth’s continents.

13. - Biogeography Relating Cause and Effect • As you read, identify Three Causes of Dispersal. Write the information in a graphic organizer like the one below. Causes Wind Effect Dispersal of species Water Living things, including humans

14. - Biogeography Relating Cause and Effect • As you read, identify Three Limits to Dispersal. Write the information in a graphic organizer like the one below. Limits Physical Barriers Effect Limited dispersal of species Competition Climate

15. - Biogeography Limits to Dispersal • The typical weather pattern in an area over a long period of time is the area’s climate.

16. End of Section:Biogeography

17. Succession • Key Ideas: • Primary succession occurs where no previous ecosystem exists. Secondary succession occurs after a disturbance. • Additional Key Terms: succession, pioneer species

18. Changes in Communities Primary Succession • Primary succession is the • series of changes that occur in • an area where no soil or organisms exist.

19. Changes in Communities Secondary Succession • Secondary succession is the series of changes that occur in an area where the ecosystem has been disturbed, but where soil and organisms still exist.

20. Changes in Communities Comparing and Contrasting • As you read, compare and contrast carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in a table like the one below. Factors in Succession Primary Succession Secondary Succession Volcanic eruption Fire Possible cause No soil or organisms exist. Soil and organisms exist. Type of area No Yes Existing ecosystem?

21. Environmental Issues • Key Ideas: • Three types of environmental issues are resource use, population growth, and pollution. • Making environmental decisions requires balancing different viewpoints and weighing the costs and benefits of proposals. • Additional Key Terms: renewable resources, nonrenewable resources, development viewpoint, preservation viewpoint, conservation viewpoint

22. - Environmental Issues Identifying Main Ideas • As you read the section “Types of Environmental Issues,” write the main idea in a graphic organizer like the one below. Then write three supporting details that give examples of the main idea. Main Idea Three types of environmental issues are… Detail Detail Detail Resource use Population growth Pollution

23. End of Section:Environmental Issues

24. Biodiversity • Key Ideas: • Factors that affect biodiversity include area, climate, and diversity of niches. • Human activities that threaten biodiversity include habitat destruction, poaching, pollution, and introduction of exotic species. • Three techniques for protecting biodiversity are regulating capture and trade, captive breeding, and habitat preservation. • Additional Key Terms: keystone species, extinction, endangered species, threatened species

25. Biodiversity Diversity of Species • The number of different species in an area is called its biodiversity.

26. Biodiversity Factors Affecting Biodiversity • Factors that affect biodiversity in an ecosystem include area, climate, and diversity of niches.

27. Biodiversity California Peregrine Falcon Recovery • The peregrine falcon, the world’s fastest bird of prey, was nearly extinct in the United States in 1970. The pesticide DDT was weakening peregrine eggshells, so eggs rarely hatched. In 1972, the United States banned DDT. Use the graph to answer questions about the peregrine population in California.

28. Time interval in years is on the x-axis. Number of breeding pairs of peregrine falcons is on the y-axis. Reading Graphs: What variable is plotted on the x-axis? What variable is plotted on the y-axis? • Biodiversity California Peregrine Falcon Recovery

29. The population grew steadily, except for a brief drop around 1980, until 1994, when the number of breeding pairs remained the same for the four following years. Interpreting Data: How did California’s peregrine population change from 1976 to 1998? • Biodiversity California Peregrine Falcon Recovery

30. There were only a few breeding pairs at first, and they could produce only a few young. These, in turn, had to grow up before they had a chance to breed. As more pairs grew to breeding age, more and more young could be produced. Inferring: Why do you think the peregrine population grew fairly slowly at first? • Biodiversity California Peregrine Falcon Recovery

31. The graph probably would have sloped downward from left to right, possibly reaching zero breeding pairs. Predicting: What might this graph have looked like if DDT had not been banned? • Biodiversity California Peregrine Falcon Recovery

32. Key Terms: Examples: threatened species habitat destruction habitat fragmentation poaching captive breeding • Biodiversity Building Vocabulary • After you read this section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use all the information you have learned to write a meaningful sentence using each Key Term. Key Terms: Examples: biodiversity Species that could become endangered in the near future are called threatened species. The biodiversity of ecosystems can have great economic value. keystone species A keystone species is a species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem. The major cause of extinction is habitat destruction. Breaking larger habitats into smaller, isolated pieces, or fragments, is called habitat fragmentation. gene Genes are the structures in an organism’s cells that carry its hereditary information. The illegal killing or removal of wildlife species from their habitats is called poaching. extinction The disappearance of all members of a species from Earth is called extinction. Captive breeding is the mating of animals in zoos or wildlife preserves. endangered species Species in danger of becoming extinct in the near future are called endangered species.

33. Biodiversity Concept Maphttp://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/ebook/products/0-13-036740-0/shockwaveinteractivities/inl1sxgobiodiver/simbase.htm

34. End of Section:Biodiversity

35. Graphic Organizer Biodiversity can be protected by is valued for Habitat preservation Ecological value Captive breeding Economic value Laws is threatened by Habitat destruction Poaching Poaching Pollution