BIS 221 RANK T Your Future Our Mission--bis221rank.com

1. BIS 221T Week 2 Apply Wandering Travel Report FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT www.bis221rank.com BIS 221T Week 2 Apply Wandering Travel Report Complete the “8.10 Week 2 Apply: Wandering Travel Report” activity in MyEducator®. Note: You have only one attempt available to complete this assignment. Grades must be transferred manually to eCampus by your instructor. Don‟t worry, this might happen after your due date This assignment has a total of 100 points. Test Your Skills exercises are designed to test and solidify what you have learned in the lesson. Make only those changes that are specified in these directions. The Atlas Grader depends on existing text to identify portions of the document for grading.

2. Creating a brochure report for Wandering Travel Paul Wilson is working with you on a report for Wandering Travel on biking tours and biking tips the company plans to send to clients that have requested more information about biking tours. This report will use features you learned in the first two Word lessons but will focus on what you learned in lesson 3. Task # Points Task Description 1 2 Replace the “Student Name” placeholder on the cover page with your name. 2 4 Modify the Heading 1 style color to “Blue, Accent 1, darker 50%”, and font size 18. Modify the Heading 2 style color to “Green, Accent 6, darker 25%” and font size 14. 3 8 Apply the Heading 1 style to “Introduction”, “Why Travel With Us”, “Who Travels With Us”, “Tour Activity Levels”, “Where We Travel”, “Bikes”, “Contact Us”, and “Tips to Prepare”.

3. 4 10 Apply the Heading 2 style to “Classic”, “Family”, “Solos”, “Family Getaway”, “Private”, “Titanium Road Bike”, “Titanium Mountain Bike”, “Custom Kid‟s Bike”, “Tandem”, and “E- Bike”. 5 6 Turn on track changes with the All Markup option selected. Insert a new paragraph right after the first (and only) paragraph in the “Who Travels with Us” section. Enter the sentences “We choose the length of our tours based on demand and by researching the length of trips people are currently selecting. The chart below shows the current trend in the number of days people are traveling.” Leave Track Changes on until told to turn it off. 6 12 Create a column chart below the paragraph you just inserted using the data in the table below. The columns represent the percent of people that selected each length of trip during each year (2011 through 2014). Title the chart “Trip Length for World Wide Travelers”. Change the Colors of the chart columns. For Word-2013 use Monochromatic Color 10; for Word-2016 use Monochromatic Color 6 . Apply the Chart Styles “style 13” to the chart. 2011 2012 2013 2014 1-2 days 21% 25% 19% 36% 3-5 days 51% 48% 42% 25%

4. 6+ days 28% 27% 39% 39% 7 4 Turn on Outline view, show 2 levels and reorder the sections so that “Solos” is displayed after “Family Getaway”. Move the “Contact Us” section to the end of the report. When you are finished close Outline view. 8 10 As you proofread the report you found a few changes that need to be made. Make the following changes in the report at the location provided in the table below. Track Changes should still be on from a previous task. After this task, turn OFF track changes. Location Second sentence in first paragraph of “Introduction” section between “custom” and “tours”. Inserted Text “bike” without the quotes so that it reads “custom bike tours” Third paragraph in “Why Travel With Us”. Edit the third sentence to read “The ratio of bikers to leaders is 5 to 1.”

5. Second sentence in “Solos” section. Delete “have fun” Whole report Use the find and replace feature and change all occurrences of “trip” with “tour”. Note: do not use replace all or change the title of the chart. 9 6 Add the following comments to the report. Location Comment “Introduction” title line The report used trip and tour interchangeably. I changed all instances to tour. “Who Travels With Us” title line Added the chart we discussed to this section with colors that match the report theme. “Tips to Prepare” title line I think we need to expand this to include a list of what people should plan to bring on a tour and also what not to bring.

6. 10 6 Insert the footnotes in the table below to the statements indicated in the report. Report Location Footnote End of third paragraph in “Why Travel With Us” section. Vans are prepared to repair a bike, offer refreshments or a lift when needed. End of paragraph in “Classic” section. This is our most popular option. End of first paragraph in “Where We Travel” section. Contact us if you don‟t see a country you would like to travel to. We plan custom tours. 11 4 Insert the citations saved in the document to the locations indicated in the table below. Report Location Citation

7. After “Nine Cycle Inc.” in “Bikes” section, which is in the second sentence. Custom Nine Cycle reference At the very end of fourth paragraph in “Why Travel With Us” section. Airline Partners reference 12 10 Create figure captions using the table below as a reference on each of the bike pictures. (Note: When you insert figure captions, they may cause the line spacing for the paragraphs and headings to be off. Add additional blank lines as necessary to keep the headings aligned on the left margin.) Report section Caption Titanium Road Bike Figure 1 Bike used for traveling at speed on paved roads. Titanium Mountain Bike Figure 2 Bike used on fire roads, logging roads, and unpaved roads. Custom Kid‟s Bike Figure 3 Road bike used for children or small adults.

8. Tandem Figure 4 Road bike for two riders. E-Bike Figure 5 Road bike with pedal assist system. 13 4 Create a table of figures on a page by itself at the end of the report. Title the page “Table of Figures” with the Heading 1 style. 14 6 Mark the following entries to be included in the index. If necessary, turn off the display of paragraph marks when you finish adding the marked entries. Report Location Mark Text Second paragraph “Why Travel With Us” section. Mark “tour designers” as an index entry. tour designers Second paragraph “Why Travel With Us” section. Mark “tour leaders” as an index entry. tour leaders

9. First sentence “Tour Activity Levels.” Mark “pace” as an index entry. pace 15 4 Create an index with the default settings as the last page of the report. Title the page “Index” without the quotes. Apply the Heading 1 style to the title. 16 4 Create a table of contents on a page by itself as the second page of the report. The page should be titled “Table of Contents”. 17 0 Save your report and submit your work using the Submit button on the Assignment ribbon. Total: 100 Introduction Wandering Travel Inc. is a small travel agency in Mesa, Arizona. The company provides all forms of travel planning and offers custom tours around the world with highly trained tour guides that will give any traveler an experience they will never forget.

10. This report is provided free of charge to any interested traveler. The report is intended to give you an overview of the biking trips available and tips for planning your trip. Why Travel With Us Nothing beats the feeling of your body in motion, with the wind in your face. As you bike through the hidden corners of the world you will meet the locals and immerse yourself in the life of a region. Being able to travel under your own power and at your own pace turns a vacation into the adventure of a lifetime. Wandering Travel employs trip designers and trip leaders that work together to design trips that give our customers a remarkable experience. Trips include free time so you can add your own unique experiences to the adventure. Hundreds of behind-the-scenes hours go into crafting each itinerary, the activities showcase the best of a region, and give you plenty of time to explore. All our trip designer are former trip leaders, so they have seen firsthand what guests find most meaningful. We assign trip leaders depending on the size of the tour group but there is never less than two leaders per group. The ratio of leaders to bikers is 5 to 1. We also include up to two support vans to assist with any issues that arise during travel.

11. Our tours include everything except airfare to and from the starting and ending locations. As a travel agency we can help you secure transportation on our partner airlines. Who Travels With Us Wandering Travel has a variety of tours available from the hard core biker to the family with young children we can make a tour that fits your needs. The common theme of all our trips is a passion for discovery and a deep appreciation for the defining moment. Classic Wandering Travel Classic Toursattract bikers that love exploring new landscapes and cultures while staying active and having fun. If you have an adventurous spirits and want to pursue the best life has to offer these tours could be right for you. Family Family tours come in all shapes, sizes and ages just like real families. Our Family tours offer incredible experiences for every member of the family. Giving parents the opportunity to bond with their kids while discovering a new world together. Tours provide grown up time to unwind while the kids are busy being kids.

12. Solos If you are single or have a partner that isn‟t into biking, consider one of our solo tours. Solo tours are for people that want to spend time exploring the world have fun while enjoying the comradery of other interesting and engaging bikers! Family Getaway Family Getaway tours are for families with older teens and 20- somethings. Families that want to give their young adults an adventure of a lifetime while enjoying what the world has to offer will find these tours just what they need. Families have done these trips to commemorate graduations or to celebrate 18th or 21st milestone birthdays. Private Private tours are designed for groups that want to enjoy ultimate luxury while reconnecting with people they care about the most. These tours are planned with your group in mind.

13. Tour Activity Levels At Wandering Travel, we plan tours with flexibility in mind because bikers pace may vary from one day to the nextand other bikers pace may vary from yours. So each day you get to decide what and how much you want to do. Travelers who prefer a slower pace can easily dial back the physical activity. Need a lift over a hill? Or are you done for the day? No problem we are there to support you regardless of the route you have taken. If the trip seems too challenging or perhaps you are traveling with a stronger rider, rent an e-bike and get a boost all day long. Travelers that are looking for a challenging ride and an all-day adventure we have you covered. Our tour guides are prepared to let you pedal to your heart‟s content. Riders that are way ahead of the pack are not left alone our guides will be there to support you. Where We Travel We plan trips all over the world, each year we take customers to Europe, South Africa, Latin America, the South Pacific, Canada and of course we tour in the United States. Our Europe tours include England, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Norway and Switzerland. Stay closer

14. to home with trips to the Canadian Rockies or Nova Scotia. We even have a two country tour in Vermont and Quebec. Families find touring in the US provides a great learning experience for children by touring Alaska, California, Florida, Hawaii, New Mexico or Utah and Arizona. Bikes Wandering Travel proudly uses custom built titanium bikes for all our tours. Nine Cycle Inc. designs and builds all the bikes we use on our tours. Titanium Road Bike Custom-built titanium bikes are used on all our tours we offer different models for varied terrain. Weighing in at two pounds less than their predecessor, our updated road bikes feature a newly designed titanium frame that is lighter and more responsive than ever. Our bikes include triple chaining, an ergonomic saddle, tires suited to the terrain and an adjustable handlebar stem to dial in your ideal ride position. Flat pedals or toe cages with straps are available. You can also bring your own pedals. This bike is available with upright handlebars or with dropped handlebars.

15. Titanium Mountain Bike We use titanium mountain bikes that are designed for more comfortable riding on trips where routes include some dirt and rougher paved roads. They are used on biking trips in Argentina, China and Thailand and on multisport trips in Costa Rica, Dolomites, Ecuador & Galápagos, Iceland, Peru and South Africa. Our alternate mountain bike with slick tires and rigid fork is used on biking trips in India and Myanmar, and on multisport trips in Panama. Custom Kid‟s Bike Our custom kid‟s bikes are a perfect choice for the younger set. While the wheels might be smaller, the performance is big. On all Wandering Travel tours, you‟ll find 20″ and 24″ bicycles.

16. Tandem Tandem bikes are suggested for riders with some tandem experience and on trips with flatter terrain. Due to the tandem‟s size, frequent racking is not realistic, so there may be fewer opportunities to hop in the van. Parents experienced in riding a tandem may choose the tandem to ride with one of your kids. E-Bike eBikes lets you experience the thrill of exploring on two wheels while providing a boost when you want it. Our eBikes have an intuitive battery-operated “pedal assist system,” giving you power assistance when you want it. Although you still need to pedal, the system provides

17. an additional boost of power to your pedal stroke. When you need to push a bit more on the hills, you get more assistance. When riding on the flats, the system can respond with less power, allowing you to ride your bike and enjoy your day. It‟s completely silent so you won‟t miss out on any of the sounds around you. Contact Us Now that you have a brief understanding of our tours it‟s time to make a call. Contact our team of Travel Planners by calling 480-888-8888. Tips to Prepare People get the most enjoyment out of their active adventure if they are reasonably fit. We suggest running, hiking, swimming or other aerobic activity for at least 20 minutes, three times a week, to help you get and stay in shape. For biking tours, the best training is to get out and ride, choose route with hills and flats. It is best to do several hours at a time on consecutive days. The key is to just ride and want to do it again the next day. Once you reserve a tour with us, we‟ll send you specific training tips for that specific tour. ============================================== BIS 221T Week 2 Practice Creating Professional Letters

18. FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT www.bis221rank.com BIS 221T Week 2 Practice Creating Professional Letters This assignment has a total of 100 points. Practice problems are designed to help you apply what you have learned. It may be a good idea to complete the assignment on your own without help to see where you might need the most practice. Make only those changes that are specified in these directions. The Atlas Grader depends on existing text to identify portions of the document for grading. Writing a Business Letter

19. Working with a template can facilitate the creation of letters and forms.? However, in many instances, the template does not exactly fit the need, so that you will often have to make adjustments to the template as you will see during this exercise. You will also notice that the fields in the template are designed such that “field” characteristic disappears after it is edited and the text becomes normal text.? In other words, the fields are added to facilitate the initial entry of data, but then drop out of the picture so as not to be a distraction for later editing. The date field, is left as a field, however, so that it can be automatically updated. Task # Points Task Description 1 5 Notice that there are two fields called [Type the sender name] in the letter, one in the return address block at the top of the page and one in the signature line at the bottom. The template is built so that the one in the signature line captures the information that is typed in the address block. For this task, type your name in [Type the sender name] in the address block at the top of the page. Ensure that your name is

20. reflected in the same field in the signature line. If it is not, type your name there also. (Note: The relationship between the two fields is temporary and is removed on the first entry. Hence, if you have experimented with the template, the connection between the two fields may have been removed.) 2 10 Add the QuickStove letter head image to the page header. 3 10 Add the text “Always ready in an Emergency!” without the quotes right aligned in the page footer. Close the header/footer edit function. 4 12 Replace the sample text in the template with the letter content that is saved in the LetterContent file you downloaded and saved to your computer. 5 8 Use the ABC Spelling & Grammar option on the Review ribbon to correct any misspellings. Also accept the correct spelling of “QuickStove” for the entire document. 6 8 Enter the current date. The existing placeholder for [Pick the date] could be used, however, it displays the date in the wrong format so we will not use it.? In order to format the date correctly, delete the [Pick the date] field completely. Leave the cursor in that same location and insert the date using the Date and Time icon from the Insert Ribbon.? Choose the format of MonthNamedd, yyyy.? This will insert a

21. new date field in the desired format that can then be updated automatically. Use the dialog box to select the format, be sure that the “Update Automatically” check box is checked. (Note: To delete a field, you must press either the delete key or backspace key two times.? The first time deletes the content, the second deletes the field itself.) 7 9 Indent the first line of each paragraph to .5 on the ruler by placing the cursor in the paragraph, then moving the indent marker. (Note: Be sure you use the correct marker. It is the Indent First Line marker.) 8 10 Delete your name from the return address block at the top of the page. Also delete the [Type the sender company name] placeholder from the top of the letter.? Enter into the [Type the sender company address] placeholder the address for QuickStove at the top of the document: 1149 W Center St. ? Orem, UT 84057 on two lines. Notice that this paragraph has extra lines after the paragraph.? Enter 2 more blank lines after the address, so that there is white space equal to approximately 4 blank lines. 9 9 Select the date and address lines and add a left tab stop at the 4.5 inch mark on the ruler. Then unselect these two lines and press tab in front of each line to move the text to the new tab stop. (Note: Do not use Indent, use Tabstop.)

22. 10 9 In the recipient name, recipient address and salutation placeholders, type the following: Mark George 348 E Center St. Aurora, IL 98989 Dear Mr. George, 11 10 Insert the letter closing by typing “Sincerely” without the quotes in the closing placeholder. Edit the name, if necessary, to display your name. Remove the extra placeholders for title and company. Select

23. the lines in the closing and create a Tab Stop at 4.5 for each line. Unselect the lines and hit the tab key to position each line at the tab stop. (Note. Do not use indent, use tab stop.) (Note #2: Depending on how you completed task #1, your name in the closing of the letter may still have a content control associated with it. To complete this task, you will first need to remove the content control from your name. Simply right click on your name, and select the menu option to “Remove the content control.”) 12 0 Save the document [Pick the date]

24. LeeCF ITianKong.Com [Type the sender company address] [Type the recipient name] [Type the recipient address]

25. [Type the salutation] On the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of your document. You can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and other document building blocks. When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate with your current document look. You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the document text by choosing a look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Write tab. You can also format text directly by using the other controls on the Write tab. Most controls offer a choice of using the look from the current theme or using a format that you specify directly. To change the overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout tab. To change the looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set command.

26. Both the Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you can always restore the look of your document to the original contained in your current template. ============================================== BIS 221T Week 2 Practice Editing a Report FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT www.bis221rank.com BIS 221T Week 2 Practice Editing a Report This assignment has a total of 100 points. Practice problems are designed to help you apply what you have learned. It may be a good idea to complete the assignment on your own without help to see where you might need the most practice. Make only those changes that are specified in these directions. The Atlas Grader depends on existing text to identify portions of the document for grading.

27. Add references and citations to the Preparedness Report In this assignment you will practice adding footnotes, citations and captions to your report. Task # Points Task Description 1 6 Edit the title page to include your name in place of the Document subtitle placeholder and insert the current date at the bottom of the page in the date placeholder. Make sure when you set the date that it uses a date format of MMMM DD, YYYY with the month spelled out.

28. 2 2 To give the reader an easy way to reference the source material add a footnote to the opening line of Flood prepare section. To do this place your insertion point at the end of the “To prepare for a flood, you should:” statement. Use the Insert Footnote option on the References ribbon to open a footnote. Type: “http://www.ready.gov/floods” without the quotes in the footnote. 3 3 The footnote would be better as an endnote in this report. Switch the footnote to an endnote. To do this, place your insertion point on the footnote, right click and choose Convert to Endnote. 4 12 Add the endnotes in the table below to the identified statements. All of these statements are in the “Prepare for Natural Disasters” section. Statement in Report Endnote Text To prepare for an earthquake follow these guidelines: http://www.ready.gov/earthquakes To begin preparing, you should: http://www.ready.gov/tornadoes To prepare for a hurricane, you should take the following measures: http://www.ready.gov/hurricanes

29. To prepare for a winter snow storm you should do the following: http://www.ready.gov/winter-weather 5 6 Place the endnotes on a page by themselves at the end of the report with a Heading 1 title “Endnotes” above the endnotes. To do this, add a Next Page break above the endnotes at the end of the document, type the heading Endnotes and apply the Heading 1 style to the title. 6 5 Add a footnote with the text “The content of this report is based on information from the ready.gov web site.” at the end of the sentence which says: “Being prepared for a natural disaster can save lives and property” without the quote marks. This is the first sentence after the heading 1 “Prepare for Natural Disasters.” 7 10 Add the footnotes displayed in the table below to the Flood subsection of the Types of Natural Disasters section of the report. Document Text Footnote Text A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land which is usually dry. Floods can be caused by a catastrophic dam failure.

30. Additionally, floods can be local, impacting a neighborhood or community, or very large, affecting entire river basins. Many dams in the US are at risk of failing due to age and earthquakes. 8 4 Create a citation reference at the end of the first paragraph in the “Tornados” subheading that is under the “Types of Natural Disasters” Section. To do this, place your insertion point after the sentence “Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, but they are typically in the form of a visible condensation funnel, whose narrow end touches the earth and is often encircled by a cloud of debris and dust.” Then open the Insert Citation dialog box, choose Add New Source. Change the Type of Source to Journal Article. Type the text into the appropriate text boxes. Here is the citation information: Author: Perkins, Sid Title: Tornado Alley, USA Year: 2002

31. Journal Name: Science News 9 6 Add two more citations in the text in the Types of Natural Disasters Section. Use the citations that have already been saved in the report. To add the first citation, move to the end of the last sentence of the last paragraph in the flood section at the end of the sentence the ends with “…are located within designated floodplains or near any body of water.” To add this citation, open the Insert Citations drop down and select the “The Prevalence and Cost of Urban Flooding” citation. Add the second citation at the end of the first paragraph in the Hurricane section at the end of the sentence that ends with “… among the lowest ever observed at sea level.” Insert the “Symonds, Steve” citation. 10 8 Create a bibliography from the citations that are displayed in the report. To do this, create a Next Page break after the Conclusion paragraph at the end of the document, choose the first option from the Bibliography drop down on the References ribbon. 11 15 Add figure captions to the five images in the document. Use the information in the table below as a reference. To insert a caption, select the image then select the Insert Caption option on the References ribbon, enter the text from the table below after the default

32. Figure text in the dialog box. Do not add a period after the figure number. Be careful with spacing and case. Section Heading Caption Text Earthquake House Damaged by Earthquake Flood Road Sign Flooded with Water Tornado Tornado Moving Across a Field Hurricane Aerial Image of a Hurricane Snow House Covered in Snow 12 8 Create a Table of Figures with the default settings on a page by itself on the page with the heading “Table of Figures” in the Heading 1 style. The page should appear in the report on a page by itself right after the Conclusion. To do this, create a Next Page break after the Conclusion paragraph, enter the text “Table of Figures” and apply the Heading 1 style. To insert the table, place your insertion point on the line below the title, select Insert Table of Figures option and choose OK to accept the default settings for the Table of Figures.

33. 13 15 Create cross references in subsections of the “Types of Natural Disasters” section. These cross references should point to the heading of the corresponding subsection in the “Prepare for Natural Disasters” section. To make a cross reference, first select the word in the “Types…” subsection, such as “flood”. Next click on the Cross- reference icon in the References ribbon. In the dialog box for Reference Type select Headings. Then choose the corresponding heading under the “Prepare for Natural Disasters” list, such as Flood. Notice the originally selected word is replaced by the heading reference. After you make the cross reference, underline the word in the “Types….” section so that it stands out as a cross-reference. Do this for all types of disasters. 14 0 Save your document. Submit your work. Total: 100 Executive Summary QuickStove‟s Emergency Cube Stove and Emergency Cook Kit are two options for being prepared for an emergency. The company that wants everyone to be prepared for any emergency. Having a plan before an emergency gives people a better chance of survival. This report will provide a short overview of the types of natural disaster emergencies that can occur in the United States.

34. Earthquakes, flood, tornados, hurricanes and winter snow are just a few of the types of disasters Americans can face. Knowing what to do before, during and after is a critical part of being prepared. This report is based on information from the www.ready.gov web site and en.wikipedia.org. Introduction A disasteris defined as a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society. The disaster can involve widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts. The disaster may exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.

35. Emergency preparedness is not only for people living in California, or the Midwest or the Gulf Coast. Other communities may be impacted by several types of hazards during a lifetime. Americans also travel more than ever before to areas with different hazard risks than they have at home. Large natural disasters in the United States make the news and may impact thousands of people. The table below show the large disasters in the years 2010 – 2015. Year Type Location 2015 Wild fire Okanogan County, Washington 2015 Flood Texas, Kansas, Oklahoma 2014 Snow storm Buffalo, New York, Great Lakes region

36. 2014 Tornado Nebraska, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Illinois, Florida, North Carolina 2014 Mudflow Oso, Washington 2013-2014 Cold wave Eastern US 2013 Wildfire Yarnell, Arizona 2013 Tornado Moore, Oklahoma 2013 Blizzard Eastern US 2012 Hurricane Eastern US 2011 Tornado Joplin, Missouri 2011 Tornado Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, Georgia, Arkansas and Virginia 2011 Flood Mississippi River Valley

37. 2010 Flood Albert Pike Recreational Area (near Langley, Arkansas) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_in_the_United_S tates Types of Natural Disasters Earth Quake Earthquakes also known as a quake, tremor or temblor result from the sudden release of energy in the Earth‟s crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can be violent enough to destroy major buildings and kill thousands of people. The severity of the shaking can range from barely felt to violent enough to toss people around. In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event, whether

38. natural or caused by humans that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. An earthquake‟s point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter. At the Earth‟s surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic activity. Flood A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land which is usually dry.Flooding may occur as an overflow of water from water bodies, such as a river or lake, in which the water overtops or breaks levees, resulting in some of that water escaping its usual boundaries, or it may occur due to an accumulation of rainwater on saturated ground.

39. Floods can occur in rivers when the flow rate exceeds the capacity of the river channel, particularly at bends or meanders in the waterway. Floods often cause damage to homes and businesses if they are in the natural flood plains of rivers. While riverine flood damage can be eliminated by moving away from rivers and other bodies of water, people have traditionally lived and worked by rivers because the land is usually flat and fertile and because rivers provide easy travel and access to commerce and industry. Some floods develop slowly, while others such as flash floods, can develop in just a few minutes and without visible signs of rain. Additionally, floods can be local, impacting a neighborhood or community, or very large, affecting entire river basins. Urban flooding is the inundation of land or property in a built environment, particularly in more densely populated areas, caused by rainfall overwhelming the capacity of drainage systems, such as storm sewers. Although sometimes triggered by events such as flash flooding or snowmelt, urban flooding is a condition, characterized by its repetitive and systemic impacts on communities that can happen

40. regardless of whether or not affected communities are located within designated floodplains or near any body of water. Tornado A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, but they are typically in the form of a visible condensation funnel, whose narrow end touches the earth and is often encircled by a cloud of debris and dust. Tornadoes have been observed on every continent except Antarctica. However, the vast majority of tornadoes occur in the Tornado Alley region of the United States, although they can occur nearly anywhere in North America. They also occasionally occur in south-central and eastern Asia, northern and east-central South America, Southern Africa, northwestern and southeast Europe, western and southeastern Australia, and New Zealand.

41. Hurricane Tropical cyclones or Hurricanes are areas of relatively low pressure in the troposphere, with the largest pressure perturbations occurring at low altitudes near the surface. On Earth, the pressures recorded at the center of tropical cyclones are among the lowest ever observed at sea level. Hurricanes typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water. They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface, which ultimately re-condenses into clouds and rain when moist air rises and cools to saturation. The strong rotating winds of a hurricane are a result of the conservation of angular momentum imparted by the Earth‟s rotation as air flows inwards toward the axis of rotation. In addition to strong winds and rain, hurricanes are capable of generating high waves, damaging storm surge, and tornadoes. They typically weaken rapidly over land where they are cut off from their primary energy source.

42. Snow Snow is precipitation in the form of flakes of crystalline water ice that falls from clouds. Snow is composed of small ice particles making it a granular material. Snow has an open and therefore soft, white, and fluffy structure, unless subjected to external pressure. Snowflakes come in a variety of sizes and shapes. Types that fall in the form of a ball due to melting and refreezing, rather than a flake, are hail, ice pellets or snow grains. Storms passing over warm water bodies can produce lake-effect snowfall downwind of the lake. Lake-effect snowfall can be heavy locally. Snowfall amount and its related liquid equivalent precipitation amount are measured using a variety of different rain gauges. Prepare for Natural Disasters

43. Being prepared for a natural disaster can save lives and property. Depending on your circumstances and the nature of the emergency, the first important decision is whether you stay where you are or evacuate. You should understand and plan for both possibilities. Local authorities may or may not immediately be able to provide information on what is happening. If possible you should watch TV, listen to the radio or check the Internet often for information or official instructions as they become available. Earth Quake To prepare for an earthquake follow these guidelines: Look around places where you spend time. Identify safe places such as under a sturdy piece of furniture or against an interior wall in your home, office or school so that when the shaking starts, you drop to the

44. ground, cover your head and neck with your arms, and if a safer place is nearby, crawl to it and hold on. To react quickly you must practice often how to “Drop, Cover, and Hold On!”. You may only have seconds to protect yourself in an earthquake. Before an earthquake occurs, secure items that could fall and cause injuries (e.g., bookshelves, mirrors, light fixtures). Store critical supplies (e.g., water, medication) and documents. Plan how you will communicate with family members, including multiple methods by making a family emergency communication plan. When choosing your home or business, check if the building is earthquake resistant per local building codes. Flood To prepare for a flood, you should:

45. Build an emergency kit and make a family communications plan. Avoid building in a floodplain unless you elevate and reinforce your home. Elevate the furnace, water heater and electric panel in your home if you live in an area that has a high flood risk. Consider installing “check valves” to prevent flood water from backing up into the drains of your home. If feasible, construct barriers to stop floodwater from entering the building and seal walls in basements with waterproofing compounds. Tornado To begin preparing, you should: Build an emergency kit and make a family communications plan.

46. Listen to NOAA Weather Radio or to commercial radio or television newscasts for the latest information. In any emergency, always listen to the instructions given by local emergency management officials. Be alert to changing weather conditions. Look for approaching storms. Look for the following danger signs: Dark, often greenish sky Large hail A large, dark, low-lying cloud (particularly if rotating) Loud roar, similar to a freight train. If you see approaching storms or any of the danger signs, be prepared to take shelter immediately. Hurricane

47. To prepare for a hurricane, you should take the following measures: Build an emergency kit and make a family communications plan. Know your surroundings. Learn the elevation level of your property and whether the land is flood- prone. This will help you know how your property will be affected when storm surge or tidal flooding are forecasted. Identify levees and dams in your area and determine whether they pose a hazard to you. Learn community hurricane evacuation routes and how to find higher ground. Determine where you would go and how you would get there if you needed to evacuate. Make plans to secure your property: Cover all of your home‟s windows. Permanent storm shutters offer the best protection for windows. A second option is to board up windows

48. with 5/8” exterior grade or marine plywood, cut to fit and ready to install. Another year-round option would be installation of laminated glass with impact-resistant glazing. Tape does not prevent windows from breaking. Install straps or additional clips to securely fasten your roof to the frame structure. This will reduce roof damage. Be sure trees and shrubs around your home are well trimmed so they are more wind resistant. Clear loose and clogged rain gutters and downspouts. Reinforce your garage doors; if wind enters a garage it can cause dangerous and expensive structural damage. Plan to bring in all outdoor furniture, decorations, garbage cans and anything else that is not tied down. Determine how and where to secure your boat. Install a generator for emergencies.

49. If in a high-rise building, when high winds are present, be prepared to take shelter on a lower floor because wind conditions increase with height, and in a small interior room without windows. When flooding may be occurring, be prepared to take shelter on a floor safely above the flooding and wave effects. Consider building a safe room. Snow To prepare for a winter snow storm you should do the following: Before winter approaches, add the following supplies to your emergency kit: Rock salt or more environmentally safe products to melt ice on walkways. Visit the Environmental Protection Agency for a complete list of recommended products. Sand to improve traction.

50. Snow shovels and other snow removal equipment. Sufficient heating fuel. You may become isolated in your home and regular fuel sources may be cut off. Store a good supply of dry, seasoned wood for your fireplace or wood-burning stove. Adequate clothing and blankets to keep you warm. Make a Family Communications Plan. Your family may not be together when disaster strikes, so it is important to know how you will contact one another, how you will get back together and what you will do in case of an emergency. A NOAA Weather Radio broadcasts alerts and warnings directly from the NWS for all hazards. You may also sign up in advance to receive notifications from your local emergency services. Download FEMA‟s Be Smart. Know Your Alerts and Warnings for a summary of notifications at: www.ready.gov/prepare. Free smart phone apps, such as those available from FEMA and the American Red Cross, provide information about finding shelters, providing first aid, and seeking assistance for recovery. Minimize travel. If travel is necessary, keep a disaster supplies kit in your vehicle.