Cartesian Diver Buoyancy

1. Cartesian Diver Buoyancy Vanderbilt Student Volunteers for Science Spring 2005 Training Presentation

2. Important!!! • Please use this resource to reinforce your understanding of the lesson! Make sure you have read and understand the entire lesson prior to picking up the kit! • We recommend that you work through the kit with your team prior to going into the classroom. • This presentation does not contain the entire lesson—only selected experiments that may be difficult to visualize and/or understand.

3. Pre-lesson Setup • One or two volunteers need to accomplish the following task while the remaining volunteers give the introductions to the lesson. • One 20oz soda bottle needs to be filled almost to the top and capped for each student.

4. I. Introduction and Discussion of Density (pg. 2) • More detailed discussions can be found in the manual. • What is different about objects that float and sink? • Generally, objects that float are very lightweight while objects that sink are very heavy. A property of matter called buoyancy affects the ability of an object to float or sink. • Buoyancy is the upward force of water on an object that is equal to the weight of water that the object displaces. Heavy things, like a boat that is denser than water, float because the volume of water they displace weighs more than the boat itself and the resulting buoyant force keeps the boat afloat. Other things float because they are less dense than water (ex. Oil floats on water, a penny sinks in water but floats in mercury). • Use the large (2L) Cartesian diver with a single pipette diver to demonstrate an object that can both sink and float. • Define the term density of an object as how well that object will float or sink in a given body of liquid like a bottle of water. • Density is affected by the mass and volume of an object. In comparing the density of an object floating in a body of liquid to the liquid, if the object is floating then it is less dense than the liquid, and if the object has sunk to the bottom of the container then it is more dense than the liquid. If the object is suspended between the top layer of liquid and the bottom, then the object is at neutral buoyancy with the liquid.

5. I. Introduction and Discussion of Density (cont.) • Use the large (2L) Cartesian Diver to demonstrate these principles. The diver contains four pipette bulbs of varying density. They are calibrated to sink differently depending on how high the air pressure in the soda bottle is raised with the hand pump. The pump should be pumped slowly and each diver will sink in succession with the continued air pressure introduced by the hand pump. • The green diver will sink first, the red diver second, the blue diver third, and the orange diver last. The divers ascend in the opposite order. With this setup, a volunteer can demonstrate an object that is more dense than the water, an object that is at neutral buoyancy, and an object that is less dense than water at the same time. • The volunteer was just varying the volume of the soda bottle by squeezing the bottle. This resulted in the volume of the diver decreasing which increased the density and led to the diver sinking. Releasing the pressure on the bottle returned the diver to its original volume and allowed the diver to float back to the surface.

6. I. Introduction and Discussion of Density (cont.) • Pass out one of the Volume Changing Pipette water bottles to each group. • Have each student in the group squeeze the soda bottle and note what happens to the level of the blue water in the pipette. • The students should notice that the blue water level in the pipette rises when the bottle is squeezed. • The pipette is a closed system, so no additional water enters the pipette. Instead, squeezing the bottle increase the pressure the water inside the bottle exerts on the pipette. • The pipette deforms under the increased pressure. This decreases the total volume inside the pipette and causes the blue water level to rise. • The same idea is happening in the Cartesian divers that the students will construct. The decreased volume of the diver under pressure increases the density of the diver. • The result is that the diver’s density is greater than water’s density, and the diver sinks. Releasing the pressure on the bottle cause the reverse to happen and the diver rises.

7. II. Building a Cartesian Diver (pg. 3) • Tell the students that they will now construct their own Cartesian Divers. • The pipette bulb divers have been preassembled and sealed to maintain their ability to repeatedly dive and return to the surface. • Pass out one diver and one filled soda bottle to each student. • Students will place the diver into the soda bottle with the nut end down.

8. II. Building a Cartesian Diver (cont.) • A volunteer will come around to each student and add water to the very top edge of the soda bottle using the small water bottles and a large pipette. The top of the diver should be floating above the lip edge of the soda bottle. • The students will then tightly screw the lid onto the soda bottle. They may need help getting the lids tightly secured. Some water will leak out as the lid is screwed down tightly. This removes as much air as possible and extends the life of the diver.

9. IV. Summary and Discussion (pg. 4) • Remind the students of the two factors that affect density: mass and volume. Explain to the students that the pipette bulb diver is an example of changing the volume. By decreasing the volume of the bottle, the density of the pipette bulb was effectively increased and the pipette bulb sunk. • Ask the students to place their diver in a position that would 1) make it more dense than water, 2) less dense than water, and 3) at neutral buoyancy with the water. • The students should notice one other thing about their divers. The divers rotate as they travel through the water due to the flow of water over the plastic helicopter blades.