Animals, Animal Byproducts, Biosolids and Site Selection

1. Indiana-Illinois Food Safety Initiative Animals, Animal Byproducts, Biosolids and Site Selection Ellen Phillips, Extension Educator University of Illinois Extension 708-352-0109 ephillps@illinois.edu Funded in part by a USDA Specialty Crops Block Grant from the Indiana State Department of Agriculture Purdue University is an Equal Opportunity/Equal Access Institution

2. Unless noted, photos courtesy of USDA ARS Image Gallery

3. Pathogens • Spread onto surface of plants from the amendment or amended soil (possibly to inside of fruit or leaf)

4. What’s the risk? • How much contact is there between the edible part and potential contaminant? • Is the crop generally cooked before consumption?

5. Topics • Goals • GAPs • Animals • Using Manure and compost • Other animal byproducts • Biosolids • Site selection • Summary

6. Livestock • Prevent livestock, manure and contaminated runoff from coming in contact with produce or irrigation water. • A number of variables affect neededdistance between animals and crop or water source. Pasture

7. What’s in your watershed?Where’s the livestock?Runoff into irrigation pond?Where’s the well? Irrigation Pond http://www.mo.nrcs.usda.gov/news/MOphotogallery/Ponds%20Dams%20Lakes/PL566-6.jpg

8. Wild Animals • Watch out for evidence of large populations of wild animals • Keep them out of fields • Control: • Fencing • Scare tactics • Depredation • Modification of the surrounding environment Photo: Adele Hodde, Illinois Department of Natural Resources.

9. Draft Animals • Designate and use roadways in fields when possible • Pay attention to sanitation • Immediately remove any contamination and develop harvest protocol http://www.kingcounty.gov/recreation/parks/inventory/marymoor/offleash.aspx

10. Using Manure • Valuable source of nutrient • Potential source of pathogens • Take measures to reduce risk when using

11. All Manure Can Carry Pathogens • Livestock • cattle, swine, poultry, horse, & sheep • Dog and Cat • Bird • Rodent • Deer • Fly or other insect • Human Cornell GAPS

12. Manure Segregation • Manure of young or transitioning livestock (feed or housing) • 5% of post wean heifers shed E. coli 0157:H7 • 2% calves • 1% adults cows • Horses – typically much lower in E.coli

13. Indiana Manure Storage • Storage in an approved manure storage structures • If application more than 72 hours – 90 days • must be covered or otherwise protected to prevent run-off or infiltration to ground water • Not within 300 feet • water wells • surface waters • drainage inlets • Away from fields Cornell GAPS

14. Using Raw Manure • Pathogen survival dependent on • Type of pathogen • Rainfall • Soil moisture • Temperature • Soil type • Whether or not it is incorporated • Franz et al., 2005; Guan and Holley, 2003; Ingham et al, 2005; Natvig et al., 2002; Oliver et al., 2006; Saini et al., 2003; Scott et al., 2006

15. E. coli 0157:H7 Has a Seasonal Pattern • Most prolific under warm humid conditions. • Frequently traced back to moist animal feed and water troughs. Cornell GAPS

16. E.coli and Other Bacteria are Vulnerable to Competition • In soils, E. coli O157:H7 levels decrease over time due to natural conditions. • Incorporate • reduces physical transmission risk (splash) • increases competition and predation from soil microbes • High temperature • aerobic composting of manure reduces levels quickly. Cornell GAPS

17. Indiana Manure Mgt. Planhttp://www.agry.purdue.edu/mmp/

18. Fertilizer Plan required by ALL growers. • Required for both Manure (organic)and Inorganic Fertilizer applications • The Fertilizer Plan, at a minimum, is a written plan that ties the application of fertilizer to agronomic rates. • Must include how fertilizer rates are determined. • The purpose is that you have thought about rates to meet the crop’s needs.

19. Fertilizer Certification Rule: • Persons who apply or transport commercial fertilizer material for hire. • Persons who apply or transport manure, from the following: • Indiana regulated confined feeding operations. • Operations outside Indiana that would be confined feeding operations if they were located in Indiana.

20. Who is exempt from standards? Any person distributing or using less than 10 cubic yards or 4000 gallons of any type of fertilizer material* in a calendar year.

21. Manure Application • Do not assume any manure is ‘clean’. • Incorporate, Incorporate, Incorporate • Absolutely NO SIDEDRESSING with fresh manure. • Know manure source and how it was handled Cornell GAPS

22. Applying Raw Manure • Avoid contaminating irrigation water, crops, finished compost or other materials with raw manure. • What crop is in the next field? • Don’t apply manure or manure-containing litter while edible part of crop is present. http://www.al.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/photo/anim/mngt/spreader.jpg http://nj.gov/agriculture/annual00/plant.htm

23. Target manure applications WISELY In the spring: • Incorporate two weeks prior to planting. • Target agronomic crops (grain) or new perennial plantings (apple or strawberry). • Don’t use on crops targeted for direct human consumption • Delayed harvest reduces risk (perennials) Cornell GAPS

24. Applying Raw Manure In the fall: • Apply to cover crop • Apply and incorporate manure at least 120 days before harvest. • (Cornell GAPs) http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2008/080903.htm

25. Other Crop Management Practices to decrease contact with manure • Use trellis/staking where appropriate, such as tomatoes. • Use plastic mulch and drip irrigation to reduce leaf wetting. • Use organic mulches to reduce splash. Cornell GAPS

26. Topics • Goals • GAPs • Animals • Using Manure • Compost • Other animal byproducts • Biosolids • Site selection • Summary

27. Manure Treatment Methods • Aging (passive) • Composting (active) • Other active treatments • Pasteurization • Heat drying • Aerobic and anaerobic digestion • Alkali stabilization http://msw.cecs.ucf.edu/Lesson7-composting.html

28. Composted Manure • Composting guidelines often based on federal biosolids law (40CFR503): • Within vessel or static aerated pile • At or above 131°F for at least 3 days • Windrow • At or above 131°F for at least 15 days • Turned at least five times Where’s this bucket been?

29. Composted Manure • Once compost is finished • protect it from contamination.

30. Composted Manure • If compost isn’t produced in a satisfactory way • precautions similar to those for raw manure should be used. • Know the source and treatment • Concern about compost is related to animal materials.

31. U.S. Composting Council Seal of Testing Assurancehttp://compostingcouncil.org/

32. Finished Compost Field Application based on Nutrient Application • Application of finished compost to your fields • No setbacks. • No permit for application.

33. Manure Slurry • Faster decline in E. coli and Salmonella numbers in slurry than solid manure at temps between approximately 70° and 100°F. (Guan and Holley, 2003; Oliver et al., 2006) • Cornell: Store 60 days before application in summer (90 in winter).

34. Manure and Compost Teas • No manure teas • Compost tea safety dependent on compost used and protection from contamination • Heat treatment possible

35. Keep Records of Manure and Compost Use • Know your source of manure or compost. • Know the methods used to produce compost or the manure storage time. • Keep records of application rates, timing, and fields receiving manure or compost. Cornell GAPS

36. Fertilizer Materials Application Records • Category 14 private applicators only keep records of manure (organic) applications • Category 14 commercial applicators keep records of Inorganic fertilizer and Manure (organic) applications • Records kept for 2 years • Commercial company can maintain records for theircustomers

37. Required Records

38. Site Selection • Has the site been exposed to activities or conditions in the past that might have resulted in contamination? • Is adjacent land being used for purposes that might result in contamination of crop land?

39. Site Selection • Land use history • Livestock or manure • Flooding • Hazardous chemicals • Current proximity to livestock operations, cull piles, refuse dumps and debris

40. Site Selection • Soil can be tested for fecal bacteria, heavy metals or chemical contamination. • Fecal coliforms or E. coli are often used as indicators of contamination by manure or sewage.

41. Summary • Keep animals and run-off from their waste away from crops and irrigation water. • Applying manure earlier and composting are ways to reduce risk. • Take much caution if considering using fresh manure or compost tea. • Consider the method used to process bone and bloodmeal.

42. Summary • Biosolid production and use are regulated by federal and state law. • Pharmaceutical and heavy metal contamination are potential concerns. • Consider what has historically happened on a field and what is currently going on around the site.

43. Indiana Resources • Agriculture Fertilizer Applicator Certification Rulewww.isco.purdue.edu/pesticide/fert_app_cert_rule.html • Purdue Extension Publications about Manure mdc.itap.purdue.edu/subcategory.asp?subCatID=281&CatID=11 • IAC Article 6.1. Land Application of Biosolid, Industrial Waste Product, and Pollutant-Bearing Water www.in.gov/legislative/iac/T03270/A00061.PDF • IC 13-20-10 Chapter 10. Registration of Facilities for Composting Certain Vegetative Matter www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title13/ar20/ch10.html • Fertilizer Applicator Certification Rule www.isco.purdue.edu/pesticide/fert_app_cert_rule.html

44. Questions in Indiana? • IN Department of Environmental Management (IDEM) 317-232-8603 • Permit Guide www.in.gov/idem/5901.htm • Agricultural & Solid Waste Compliance http://www.in.gov/idem/4992.htm • Confined Feeding Operations (CFOs/CAFOs) http://www.in.gov/idem/4994.htm

45. For more info……. • Field Guide to On-Farm Composting (NRAES-114) - $25 www.nraes.org/publications/composting.html • On-Farm Composting Handbook • (NRAES-54) – $ 14 www.nraes.org/publications/composting.html

46. Acknowledgments • Modified by • Ellen Phillips, University of Illinois Extension • North Carolina GAPS • Karl Shaffer – Dept. of Soil Science, NCSU • Alexandria Graves – Dept. of Soil Science, NCSU • Fletcher Arritt – Dept. of Food, Bioprocessing and • Nutrition Sciences, NCSU • Rhonda Sherman – Dept. of Biological and • Agricultural Engineering, NCSU • Deanna Osmond – Dept. of Soil Science, NCSU • Chris Gunter – Dept. of Horticultural Science, NCSU • Billy Little – N.C. Cooperative Extension, Wilson • County Center • Cornell GAPS