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CIEG 434: Air Pollution Control Lecture 1

CIEG 434: Air Pollution Control Lecture 1. Steve Dentel Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering University of Delaware Spring 2007. Course Logistics. INSTRUCTORS : Part I – Particulate contaminants and controls: Steve Dentel, 348 DuPont Hall, 831-8120, dentel@udel.edu

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CIEG 434: Air Pollution Control Lecture 1

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  1. CIEG 434: Air Pollution ControlLecture 1 Steve Dentel Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering University of Delaware Spring 2007

  2. Course Logistics INSTRUCTORS: • Part I – Particulate contaminants and controls: Steve Dentel, 348 DuPont Hall, 831-8120, dentel@udel.edu • Part II - Gaseous contaminants and controls: Pei Chiu, 344B DuPont Hall, 831-3104, pei@ce.udel.edu.

  3. OFFICE HOURS: Monday 11:30 - 1:30.  You can also make an appointment with either instructor by phone or email, or simply stop by. TEXTBOOK: Cooper, C. D. & Alley, F. C., "Air Pollution Control - A Design Approach", 3rd ed, Waveland Press, 2002. REFERENCES: (1) De Nevers, N., "Air Pollution Control Engineering", 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, 2000.(2) Heinsohn, R. J. and Kabel, R. L. "Sources and Control of Air Pollution", Prentice Hall, 1998.(3) Crawford, M. "Air Pollution Control Theory", McGraw-Hill, 1976.

  4. ACTIVE PARTICIPATION: Activities and extra efforts that contribute to and demonstrate understanding of the subject matter are encouraged and will be rewarded with extra "active participation" points (up to 10 points/person/semester).

  5. GRADING: The total number of points is 250.  If you earn a total of230 points or more, you will receive an A or A-205 points or more, you will receive a B+, B, or B-180 points or more, you will receive a C+, C, or C-160 points or more, you will receive a D+, D, or D-You will need a minimum of 160 points to pass.

  6. Priority Air PollutantsSources, Properties, and Effects

  7. Definition of Air Pollution (DNREC) "The presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more air contaminants in sufficient quantities and of such characteristics and duration as to be injurious to human, plant, or animal life or to property or which unreasonably interferes with the enjoyment of life and property within the jurisdiction of the State."

  8. Health concerns

  9. NAAQS exist for 6 "criteria pollutants" *PM10 and PM2.5 CO *Pb SO2 NO2 O3 (secondary) *particulate matter

  10. Carbon Monoxide (CO) • colorless, tasteless, odorless, poisonous • from incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuels • oxygen, temperature, mixing, residence time • important pollutant in urban and indoor air • ~3/4 of CO emissions are related to transportation • CO competes (>200x) with O2 to bind hemoglobin

  11. Lead (Pb) • Before 1984, major Pb source was Pb(C2H5)4, an antiknock agent in gasoline invented by T. Midgley • 1970 CAAA required 90% cut in CO, NOx, VOC • Auto industry chose to use catalytic converters • Catalytic converters were poisoned by Pb • In 1984, EPA lowered allowable [Pb] in gasoline • Now most Pb comes from point (industrial) sources

  12. Lead (Pb) • industrial sources: smelters, lead acid batteries, etc. • other sources: Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 and Pb3O4 in paint, soil around highways, etc. • most exposure through inhalation of Pb particles (also through drinking water due to Pb solder) • esp. detrimental to children and pregnant women

  13. NOx (NO + NO2) • NO: colorless, non-toxic, oxidizes to NO2 • NO2: red-brown, lung irritant, bronchitis, pneumonia • Sources: ~50% industrial, ~50% mobile • Mechanisms: fuel NOx & thermal NOx (≥1000 K) • NOx + VOCs + h ——> photochemical smog • NOx + OH. ——> HNO3 (acid precipitation) • Eutrophication

  14. SOx (SO2 + SO3) • approx. 20 MT/yr, 90% from fossil fuel burning, of which 85% comes from power plants (~75% of total) • other sources: oil refining, copper smelting, autos • coal > oil (less than 1 ppm after refining) > gas • both highly soluble, absorbed after inhalation • SOx + OH./O2 —> SO3 —> H2SO4 (acid rain) • SO4= also forms 2o PM2.5; may reach deep into lungs

  15. O3 + VOC (smog) • NOx + VOCs + h —> photochemical smog (O3, formaldehyde, peroxyacetyl nitrate, other oxidants) • urban [O3] peaks at ~11 am, after NO & NO2 • cough, headache, eye/throat irritation, lung damage (susceptible sub-populations; e.g., people w/ asthma) • believed to be responsible for most of the damage to agriculture due to air pollution

  16. Particulate Matter (PM) • Tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in air • >10 mm: easily captured by nose & upper tracks • <0.1 mm: captured, exhaled, or coagulate to >0.1 mm • 0.1-10 (esp. 2-4) mm: penetrate & deposit in lungs • May contain metals, PAHs, pesticides, other toxics • visibility reduction by 0.3-0.7 mm particles • damage to infrastructure by acid mist/fog

  17. CO2 • Not included in NAAQS • Was approximately 0.03% of atmospheric air (300 ppm). Now approaching 400 ppm. • Sources: respiration, combustion, dissolved carbonates in surface waters, etc. • Now “unequivocally” linked to global warming

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