Every dark cloud has a silver lining, but lightning kills hundreds of people each year who are trying to find it. w

Every dark cloud has a silver lining, but lightning kills hundreds of people each year who are trying to find it. www.despair.com

FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc. Decentralized Calvinist Church Can’t crush by attacking just 1 leader or city Idea that Calvinist merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of the religious community God’s abs. power + equality of all believers discredits Div. Rt. of Kings  Justifies rev. on relig. grounds Calvinism spreads across W. Eur. Later some feel justified in pursuing profits for themselves Justifies polit. rev. since religion & politics are so intertwined Religious wars (1560-1648) People sick of anarchy (FC.87) Rise of capit. MC in Eng. (FC.96) English Rev. in 1600’s (FC.96) John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government defines king’s obligations to his subjects much as in a MC business contract Justifies revolution by the people on political grounds if the king breaks the contract French Revolution (1789) starts the age of political revolutions (FC.105)

2nd gen. of Ref. Easier to accept

2nd gen. of Ref. Easier to accept JohnCalvin (1509-64): ***

2nd gen. of Ref. Easier to accept JohnCalvin (1509-64): Brilliant student 1st intended to be priest Went into law

2nd gen. of Ref. Easier to accept JohnCalvin (1509-64): Brilliant student 1st intended to be priest Went into law 1533- Sudden conversion, probably from reading Luther’s writings Felt his mission was to save Ch. "God subdued & brought my heart to docility."

2nd gen. of Ref. Easier to accept JohnCalvin (1509-64): Brilliant student 1st intended to be priest Went into law 1533- Sudden conversion, probably from reading Luther’s writings Felt his mission was to save Ch. 1536- Institutes of the Chr. Religion  Constantly added to thru his life - Clearest & most complete explanation of Protestantism

2nd gen. of Ref. Easier to accept JohnCalvin (1509-64): Brilliant student 1st intended to be priest Went into law 1533- Sudden conversion, probably from reading Luther’s writings Felt his mission was to save Ch. 1536- Institutes of the Chr. Religion  Constantly added to thru his life - Clearest & most complete explanation of Protestantism 1536- Guillaume Farel lured him to morally lax Geneva where he lived all but 3 yrs of rest of his life.

2nd gen. of Ref. Easier to accept JohnCalvin (1509-64): Brilliant student 1st intended to be priest Went into law 1533- Sudden conversion, probably from reading Luther’s writings Felt his mission was to save Ch. 1536- Institutes of the Chr. Religion  Constantly added to thru his life - Clearest & most complete explanation of Protestantism 1536- Guillaume Farel lured him to morally lax Geneva where he lived all but 3 yrs of rest of his life. Staggering workload: pastoring, preaching daily, massive corresp., training missionaries, writing commentaries on almost every book of Bible

2nd gen. of Ref. Easier to accept JohnCalvin (1509-64): Brilliant student 1st intended to be priest Went into law 1533- Sudden conversion, probably from reading Luther’s writings Felt his mission was to save Ch. 1536- Institutes of the Chr. Religion  Constantly added to thru his life - Clearest & most complete explanation of Protestantism 1536- Guillaume Farel lured him to morally lax Geneva where he lived all but 3 yrs of rest of his life. Staggering workload: pastoring, preaching daily, massive corresp., training missionaries, writing commentaries on almost every book of Bible - All while suffering from migraines

CALVIN: FISH OR FOWL? 2nd gen. of Ref. Easier to accept JohnCalvin (1509-64): Brilliant student 1st intended to be priest Went into law 1533- Sudden conversion, probably from reading Luther’s writings Felt his mission was to save Ch. 1536- Institutes of the Chr. Religion  Constantly added to thru his life - Clearest & most complete explanation of Protestantism 1536- Guillaume Farel lured him to morally lax Geneva where he lived all but 3 yrs of rest of his life. Staggering workload: pastoring, preaching daily, massive corresp., training missionaries, writing commentaries on almost every book of Bible - All while suffering from migraines 1538- Despite resistance, had imposed strict rule on all citizens Even excommunicated any who didn’t live up to his standards Reaction  driven out for 3 yrs

Calvinists smashing Catholic icons in Geneva 2nd gen. of Ref. Easier to accept JohnCalvin (1509-64): Brilliant student 1st intended to be priest Went into law 1533- Sudden conversion, probably from reading Luther’s writings Felt his mission was to save Ch. 1536- Institutes of the Chr. Religion  Constantly added to thru his life - Clearest & most complete explanation of Protestantism 1536- Guillaume Farel lured him to morally lax Geneva where he lived all but 3 yrs of rest of his life. Staggering workload: pastoring, preaching daily, massive corresp., training missionaries, writing commentaries on almost every book of Bible - All while suffering from migraines 1538- Despite resistance, had imposed strict rule on all citizens Even excommunicated any who didn’t live up to his standards Reaction  driven out for 3 yrs 1541- Returned to Geneva & defeated “Libertines” by force Exec. 3 of them  Complete control by 1555-64

2nd gen. of Ref. Easier to accept JohnCalvin (1509-64): Brilliant student 1st intended to be priest Went into law 1533- Sudden conversion, probably from reading Luther’s writings Felt his mission was to save Ch. 1536- Institutes of the Chr. Religion  Constantly added to thru his life - Clearest & most complete explanation of Protestantism 1536- Guillaume Farel lured him to morally lax Geneva where he lived all but 3 yrs of rest of his life. Staggering workload: pastoring, preaching daily, massive corresp., training missionaries, writing commentaries on almost every book of Bible - All while suffering from migraines 1538- Despite resistance, had imposed strict rule on all citizens Even excommunicated any who didn’t live up to his standards Reaction  driven out for 3 yrs 1541- Returned to Geneva & defeated “Libertines” by force Exec. 3 of them  Complete control by 1555-64 Calvin’s religion FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) Calvin’s most famous doctrine and the logic behind it? John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not

2nd gen. of Ref. Easier to accept JohnCalvin (1509-64): Brilliant student 1st intended to be priest Went into law 1533- Sudden conversion, probably from reading Luther’s writings Felt his mission was to save Ch. 1536- Institutes of the Chr. Religion  Constantly added to thru his life - Clearest & most complete explanation of Protestantism 1536- Guillaume Farel lured him to morally lax Geneva where he lived all but 3 yrs of rest of his life. Staggering workload: pastoring, preaching daily, massive corresp., training missionaries, writing commentaries on almost every book of Bible - All while suffering from migraines 1538- Despite resistance, had imposed strict rule on all citizens Even excommunicated any who didn’t live up to his standards Reaction  driven out for 3 yrs 1541- Returned to Geneva & defeated “Libertines” by force Exec. 3 of them  Complete control by 1555-64 Calvin’s religion FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not “God the Father hath chosen us in Him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and without blame before him in love; having predestinated us unto the adoption of children by Jesus Christ to Himself, according to the good pleasure of his will.”-Ephesians 1:3-7

Biblical passages used to support the Catholic doctrine of free will: " He isn't really being slow about his promised return, even though it sometimes seems that way. But he is waiting for the good reason that he is not willing that any should perish, & he is giving more time for sinners to repent."--2 Peter 3:9

Biblical passages used to support the Catholic doctrine of free will: " He isn't really being slow about his promised return, even though it sometimes seems that way. But he is waiting for the good reason that he is not willing that any should perish, & he is giving more time for sinners to repent."--2 Peter 3:9 “….for he longs for all to be saved & understand the truth.” -1 Timothy 2:4

Biblical passages used to support the Catholic doctrine of free will: " He isn't really being slow about his promised return, even though it sometimes seems that way. But he is waiting for the good reason that he is not willing that any should perish, & he is giving more time for sinners to repent."--2 Peter 3:9 “….for he longs for all to be saved & understand the truth.” -1 Timothy 2:4 "If anyone chooses to do God's will” --John 7:17 Literally from the Greek: "If it be any man's will to do His will."

The modern take on predestination Later Calvinists, now known as Presbyterians, revised the more fatalistic interpretation of predestination where God predestined some to be damned (a doctrine known as “double predestination” or “reprobation”) to one where sinners are responsible for their own sinful acts, but are unable to turn away from them without God’s grace, which transforms human will so it can freely obey God's will. This affirms God’s absolute power without rejecting human free will.

“The mind of man is so completely alienated from the righteousness of God that it conceives, desires, and undertakes everything that is impious, perverse, base, impure, and flagitious*. His heart is so thoroughly infected by the poison of sin that it cannot produce anything but what is corrupt. And if at anytime men do anything apparently good, yet the mind always remained involved in hypocrisy and deceit.”--John Calvin *fla·gi·tious adj (formal) 1. extremely cruel, wicked, or vicious 2. notorious or infamous

2nd gen. of Ref. Easier to accept JohnCalvin (1509-64): Brilliant student 1st intended to be priest Went into law 1533- Sudden conversion, probably from reading Luther’s writings Felt his mission was to save Ch. 1536- Institutes of the Chr. Religion  Constantly added to thru his life - Clearest & most complete explanation of Protestantism 1536- Guillaume Farel lured him to morally lax Geneva where he lived all but 3 yrs of rest of his life. Staggering workload: pastoring, preaching daily, massive corresp., training missionaries, writing commentaries on almost every book of Bible - All while suffering from migraines 1538- Despite resistance, had imposed strict rule on all citizens Even excommunicated any who didn’t live up to his standards Reaction  driven out for 3 yrs 1541- Returned to Geneva & defeated “Libertines” by force Exec. 3 of them  Complete control by 1555-64 Calvin’s religion FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not According to Calvin, the greatest & second greatest blessings?

2nd gen. of Ref. Easier to accept JohnCalvin (1509-64): Brilliant student 1st intended to be priest Went into law 1533- Sudden conversion, probably from reading Luther’s writings Felt his mission was to save Ch. 1536- Institutes of the Chr. Religion  Constantly added to thru his life - Clearest & most complete explanation of Protestantism 1536- Guillaume Farel lured him to morally lax Geneva where he lived all but 3 yrs of rest of his life. Staggering workload: pastoring, preaching daily, massive corresp., training missionaries, writing commentaries on almost every book of Bible - All while suffering from migraines 1538- Despite resistance, had imposed strict rule on all citizens Even excommunicated any who didn’t live up to his standards Reaction  driven out for 3 yrs 1541- Returned to Geneva & defeated “Libertines” by force Exec. 3 of them  Complete control by 1555-64 Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not

2nd gen. of Ref. Easier to accept JohnCalvin (1509-64): Brilliant student 1st intended to be priest Went into law 1533- Sudden conversion, probably from reading Luther’s writings Felt his mission was to save Ch. 1536- Institutes of the Chr. Religion  Constantly added to thru his life - Clearest & most complete explanation of Protestantism 1536- Guillaume Farel lured him to morally lax Geneva where he lived all but 3 yrs of rest of his life. Staggering workload: pastoring, preaching daily, massive corresp., training missionaries, writing commentaries on almost every book of Bible - All while suffering from migraines 1538- Despite resistance, had imposed strict rule on all citizens Even excommunicated any who didn’t live up to his standards Reaction  driven out for 3 yrs 1541- Returned to Geneva & defeated “Libertines” by force Exec. 3 of them  Complete control by 1555-64 Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not "There is not one blade of grass, there is no color in this world that is not intended to make us rejoice.”--John Calvin

2nd gen. of Ref. Easier to accept JohnCalvin (1509-64): Brilliant student 1st intended to be priest Went into law 1533- Sudden conversion, probably from reading Luther’s writings Felt his mission was to save Ch. 1536- Institutes of the Chr. Religion  Constantly added to thru his life - Clearest & most complete explanation of Protestantism 1536- Guillaume Farel lured him to morally lax Geneva where he lived all but 3 yrs of rest of his life. Staggering workload: pastoring, preaching daily, massive corresp., training missionaries, writing commentaries on almost every book of Bible - All while suffering from migraines 1538- Despite resistance, had imposed strict rule on all citizens Even excommunicated any who didn’t live up to his standards Reaction  driven out for 3 yrs 1541- Returned to Geneva & defeated “Libertines” by force Exec. 3 of them  Complete control by 1555-64 Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not

2nd gen. of Ref. Easier to accept JohnCalvin (1509-64): Brilliant student 1st intended to be priest Went into law 1533- Sudden conversion, probably from reading Luther’s writings Felt his mission was to save Ch. 1536- Institutes of the Chr. Religion  Constantly added to thru his life - Clearest & most complete explanation of Protestantism 1536- Guillaume Farel lured him to morally lax Geneva where he lived all but 3 yrs of rest of his life. Staggering workload: pastoring, preaching daily, massive corresp., training missionaries, writing commentaries on almost every book of Bible - All while suffering from migraines 1538- Despite resistance, had imposed strict rule on all citizens Even excommunicated any who didn’t live up to his standards Reaction  driven out for 3 yrs 1541- Returned to Geneva & defeated “Libertines” by force Exec. 3 of them  Complete control by 1555-64 Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding

2nd gen. of Ref. Easier to accept JohnCalvin (1509-64): Brilliant student 1st intended to be priest Went into law 1533- Sudden conversion, probably from reading Luther’s writings Felt his mission was to save Ch. 1536- Institutes of the Chr. Religion  Constantly added to thru his life - Clearest & most complete explanation of Protestantism 1536- Guillaume Farel lured him to morally lax Geneva where he lived all but 3 yrs of rest of his life. Staggering workload: pastoring, preaching daily, massive corresp., training missionaries, writing commentaries on almost every book of Bible - All while suffering from migraines 1538- Despite resistance, had imposed strict rule on all citizens Even excommunicated any who didn’t live up to his standards Reaction  driven out for 3 yrs 1541- Returned to Geneva & defeated “Libertines” by force Exec. 3 of them  Complete control by 1555-64 Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Do we have free will if God is omnipotent?

2nd gen. of Ref. Easier to accept JohnCalvin (1509-64): Brilliant student 1st intended to be priest Went into law 1533- Sudden conversion, probably from reading Luther’s writings Felt his mission was to save Ch. 1536- Institutes of the Chr. Religion  Constantly added to thru his life - Clearest & most complete explanation of Protestantism 1536- Guillaume Farel lured him to morally lax Geneva where he lived all but 3 yrs of rest of his life. Staggering workload: pastoring, preaching daily, massive corresp., training missionaries, writing commentaries on almost every book of Bible - All while suffering from migraines 1538- Despite resistance, had imposed strict rule on all citizens Even excommunicated any who didn’t live up to his standards Reaction  driven out for 3 yrs 1541- Returned to Geneva & defeated “Libertines” by force Exec. 3 of them  Complete control by 1555-64 Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Can we know we are saved?

2nd gen. of Ref. Easier to accept JohnCalvin (1509-64): Brilliant student 1st intended to be priest Went into law 1533- Sudden conversion, probably from reading Luther’s writings Felt his mission was to save Ch. 1536- Institutes of the Chr. Religion  Constantly added to thru his life - Clearest & most complete explanation of Protestantism 1536- Guillaume Farel lured him to morally lax Geneva where he lived all but 3 yrs of rest of his life. Staggering workload: pastoring, preaching daily, massive corresp., training missionaries, writing commentaries on almost every book of Bible - All while suffering from migraines 1538- Despite resistance, had imposed strict rule on all citizens Even excommunicated any who didn’t live up to his standards Reaction  driven out for 3 yrs 1541- Returned to Geneva & defeated “Libertines” by force Exec. 3 of them  Complete control by 1555-64 Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Why does an all powerful god allow evil?

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Must attend church how often? Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc.

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc.

A French Calvinist (AKA Huguenot) church. Notice the more open arrangement, including the lack of altar rails which Protestants saw as separating the clergy and congregation.

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Banned? Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc.

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc.

Clothes before Calvin

Clothes afterCalvin

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc.

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc.

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc.

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc.

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc.

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc.

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc.

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns? FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc. Theaters & taverns?

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc.

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc.

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors Punishments FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc.

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors Punishments - 4 days in jail for Claude's dad FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc.

Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors Punishments - 4 days in jail for Claude's) dad Public humiliation: stocks & pillories; scarlet letter FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc.

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors Punishments - 4 days in jail for Claude's) dad Public humiliation: stocks & pillories; scarlet letter - 58 exec’s (1542- 64); 14 in 1 yr FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc.

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors Punishments - 4 days in jail for Claude's) dad Public humiliation: stocks & pillories; scarlet letter - 58 exec’s (1542- 64); 14 in 1 yr - Child beheaded for striking parents FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc.

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors Punishments - 4 days in jail for Claude's) dad Public humiliation: stocks & pillories; scarlet letter - 58 exec’s (1542- 64); 14 in 1 yr Child beheaded for striking parents FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Impact of Decentralized Calvinist Church on its survival? Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc. Decentralized Calvinist Church Can’t crush by attacking just 1 leader or city

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors Punishments - 4 days in jail for Claude's) dad Public humiliation: stocks & pillories; scarlet letter - 58 exec’s (1542- 64); 14 in 1 yr Child beheaded for striking parents FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc. Decentralized Calvinist Church Can’t crush by attacking just 1 leader or city

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors Punishments - 4 days in jail for Claude's) dad Public humiliation: stocks & pillories; scarlet letter - 58 exec’s (1542- 64); 14 in 1 yr Child beheaded for striking parents Lutheranism popular in N. Ger., Denmark, & Sweden: where it was assoc. w/? FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Lutheranism popular in N. Ger., Denmark, & Sweden: where it was assoc. with? Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc. Decentralized Calvinist Church Can’t crush by attacking just 1 leader or city

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors Punishments - 4 days in jail for Claude's) dad Public humiliation: stocks & pillories; scarlet letter - 58 exec’s (1542- 64); 14 in 1 yr Child beheaded for striking parents Lutheranism popular in N. Ger., Denmark, & Sweden: where it was assoc. w/rulers FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Where was Calvinism popular? Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc. Decentralized Calvinist Church Can’t crush by attacking just 1 leader or city

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors Punishments - 4 days in jail for Claude's) dad Public humiliation: stocks & pillories; scarlet letter - 58 exec’s (1542- 64); 14 in 1 yr Child beheaded for striking parents Lutheranism popular in N. Ger., Denmark, & Sweden: where it was assoc. w/rulers Calvinism popular in: Neth's, Scotland, Eng, FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc. Decentralized Calvinist Church Can’t crush by attacking just 1 leader or city

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors Punishments - 4 days in jail for Claude's) dad Public humiliation: stocks & pillories; scarlet letter - 58 exec’s (1542- 64); 14 in 1 yr Child beheaded for striking parents Lutheranism popular in N. Ger., Denmark, & Sweden: where it was assoc. w/rulers Calvinism popular in: Neth's, Scotland, Eng, FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc. Decentralized Calvinist Church Can’t crush by attacking just 1 leader or city Calvinism spreads across W. Eur.

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors Punishments - 4 days in jail for Claude's) dad Public humiliation: stocks & pillories; scarlet letter - 58 exec’s (1542- 64); 14 in 1 yr Child beheaded for striking parents Lutheranism popular in N. Ger., Denmark, & Sweden: where it was assoc. w/rulers Calvinism popular in: Neth's, Scotland, Eng, FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc. Decentralized Calvinist Church Can’t crush by attacking just 1 leader or city Calvinism spreads across W. Eur. Religious wars (1560-1648) People sick of anarchy (FC.87)

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors Punishments - 4 days in jail for Claude's) dad Public humiliation: stocks & pillories; scarlet letter - 58 exec’s (1542- 64); 14 in 1 yr Child beheaded for striking parents Lutheranism popular in N. Ger., Denmark, & Sweden: where it was assoc. w/rulers Calvinism popular in: Neth's, Scotland, Eng, FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM If you’re a merchant, why are you a merchant? Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc. Decentralized Calvinist Church Can’t crush by attacking just 1 leader or city Idea that Calvinist merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of the religious community Calvinism spreads across W. Eur. Religious wars (1560-1648) People sick of anarchy (FC.87)

FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM So, according to Calvin, what should you do? Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors Punishments - 4 days in jail for Claude's) dad Public humiliation: stocks & pillories; scarlet letter - 58 exec’s (1542- 64); 14 in 1 yr Child beheaded for striking parents Lutheranism popular in N. Ger., Denmark, & Sweden: where it was assoc. w/rulers Calvinism popular in: Neth's, Scotland, Eng, Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc. Decentralized Calvinist Church Can’t crush by attacking just 1 leader or city Idea that Calvinist merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of the religious community Calvinism spreads across W. Eur. Religious wars (1560-1648) People sick of anarchy (FC.87)

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors Punishments - 4 days in jail for Claude's) dad Public humiliation: stocks & pillories; scarlet letter - 58 exec’s (1542- 64); 14 in 1 yr Child beheaded for striking parents Lutheranism popular in N. Ger., Denmark, & Sweden: where it was assoc. w/rulers Calvinism popular in: Neth's, Scotland, Eng, FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Idea that Calvinist merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of? Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc. Decentralized Calvinist Church Can’t crush by attacking just 1 leader or city Idea that Calvinist merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of the religious community Calvinism spreads across W. Eur. Religious wars (1560-1648) People sick of anarchy (FC.87)

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors Punishments - 4 days in jail for Claude's) dad Public humiliation: stocks & pillories; scarlet letter - 58 exec’s (1542- 64); 14 in 1 yr Child beheaded for striking parents Lutheranism popular in N. Ger., Denmark, & Sweden: where it was assoc. w/rulers Calvinism popular in: Neth's, Scotland, Eng, FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM What happens to relig. fervor over time? Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc. Decentralized Calvinist Church Can’t crush by attacking just 1 leader or city Idea that Calvinist merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of the religious community Calvinism spreads across W. Eur. Religious wars (1560-1648) People sick of anarchy (FC.87)

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors Punishments - 4 days in jail for Claude's) dad Public humiliation: stocks & pillories; scarlet letter - 58 exec’s (1542- 64); 14 in 1 yr Child beheaded for striking parents Lutheranism popular in N. Ger., Denmark, & Sweden: where it was assoc. w/rulers Calvinism popular in: Neth's, Scotland, Eng, FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Later some feel justified in what? Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc. Decentralized Calvinist Church Can’t crush by attacking just 1 leader or city Idea that Calvinist merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of the religious community Calvinism spreads across W. Eur. Religious wars (1560-1648) People sick of anarchy (FC.87)

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors Punishments - 4 days in jail for Claude's) dad Public humiliation: stocks & pillories; scarlet letter - 58 exec’s (1542- 64); 14 in 1 yr Child beheaded for striking parents Lutheranism popular in N. Ger., Denmark, & Sweden: where it was assoc. w/rulers Calvinism popular in: Neth's, Scotland, Eng, FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc. Decentralized Calvinist Church Can’t crush by attacking just 1 leader or city Idea that Calvinist merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of the religious community Calvinism spreads across W. Eur. Later some feel justified in pursuing profits for themselves Religious wars (1560-1648) People sick of anarchy (FC.87) Rise of? Rise of capit. MC in Eng. (FC.96)

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors Punishments - 4 days in jail for Claude's) dad Public humiliation: stocks & pillories; scarlet letter - 58 exec’s (1542- 64); 14 in 1 yr Child beheaded for striking parents Lutheranism popular in N. Ger., Denmark, & Sweden: where it was assoc. w/rulers Calvinism popular in: Neth's, Scotland, Eng, FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM God’s abs. power + equality of all believers Discreditswhat political idea? Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc. Decentralized Calvinist Church Can’t crush by attacking just 1 leader or city Idea that Calvinist merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of the religious community God’s abs. power + equality of all believers discredits Div. Rt. of Kings  Justifies rev. on relig. grounds Calvinism spreads across W. Eur. Later some feel justified in pursuing profits for themselves Religious wars (1560-1648) People sick of anarchy (FC.87) Rise of capit. MC in Eng. (FC.96)

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors Punishments - 4 days in jail for Claude's) dad Public humiliation: stocks & pillories; scarlet letter - 58 exec’s (1542- 64); 14 in 1 yr Child beheaded for striking parents Lutheranism popular in N. Ger., Denmark, & Sweden: where it was assoc. w/rulers Calvinism popular in: Neth's, Scotland, Eng, FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM God’s abs. power + equality of all believers discredits Div. Rt. of Kings  Justifieswhat & on what grounds? Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc. Decentralized Calvinist Church Can’t crush by attacking just 1 leader or city Idea that Calvinist merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of the religious community God’s abs. power + equality of all believers discredits Div. Rt. of Kings  Justifies rev. on relig. grounds Calvinism spreads across W. Eur. Later some feel justified in pursuing profits for themselves Religious wars (1560-1648) People sick of anarchy (FC.87) Rise of capit. MC in Eng. (FC.96)

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors Punishments - 4 days in jail for Claude's) dad Public humiliation: stocks & pillories; scarlet letter - 58 exec’s (1542- 64); 14 in 1 yr Child beheaded for striking parents Lutheranism popular in N. Ger., Denmark, & Sweden: where it was assoc. w/rulers Calvinism popular in: Neth's, Scotland, Eng, FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc. Decentralized Calvinist Church Can’t crush by attacking just 1 leader or city Idea that Calvinist merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of the religious community God’s abs. power + equality of all believers discredits Div. Rt. of Kings  Justifies rev. on relig. grounds Calvinism spreads across W. Eur. What couldn’t people separate in their minds? Later some feel justified in pursuing profits for themselves Religious wars (1560-1648) People sick of anarchy (FC.87) Rise of capit. MC in Eng. (FC.96)

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors Punishments - 4 days in jail for Claude's) dad Public humiliation: stocks & pillories; scarlet letter - 58 exec’s (1542- 64); 14 in 1 yr Child beheaded for striking parents Lutheranism popular in N. Ger., Denmark, & Sweden: where it was assoc. w/rulers Calvinism popular in: Neth's, Scotland, Eng, FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc. Decentralized Calvinist Church Can’t crush by attacking just 1 leader or city Idea that Calvinist merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of the religious community God’s abs. power + equality of all believers discredits Div. Rt. of Kings  Justifies rev. on relig. grounds Calvinism spreads across W. Eur. Eventually justifies rev. on what grounds? Later some feel justified in pursuing profits for themselves Religious wars (1560-1648) People sick of anarchy (FC.87) Rise of capit. MC in Eng. (FC.96)

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors Punishments - 4 days in jail for Claude's) dad Public humiliation: stocks & pillories; scarlet letter - 58 exec’s (1542- 64); 14 in 1 yr Child beheaded for striking parents Lutheranism popular in N. Ger., Denmark, & Sweden: where it was assoc. w/rulers Calvinism popular in: Neth's, Scotland, Eng, FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc. Decentralized Calvinist Church Can’t crush by attacking just 1 leader or city Idea that Calvinist merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of the religious community God’s abs. power + equality of all believers discredits Div. Rt. of Kings  Justifies rev. on relig. grounds Calvinism spreads across W. Eur. Later some feel justified in pursuing profits for themselves Justifies polit. rev. since religion & politics are so intertwined Religious wars (1560-1648) People sick of anarchy (FC.87) What Rev. in 1600’s? Rise of capit. MC in Eng. (FC.96) English Rev. in 1600’s (FC.96)

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors Punishments - 4 days in jail for Claude's) dad Public humiliation: stocks & pillories; scarlet letter - 58 exec’s (1542- 64); 14 in 1 yr Child beheaded for striking parents Lutheranism popular in N. Ger., Denmark, & Sweden: where it was assoc. w/rulers Calvinism popular in: Neth's, Scotland, Eng, FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc. Decentralized Calvinist Church Can’t crush by attacking just 1 leader or city Idea that Calvinist merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of the religious community God’s abs. power + equality of all believers discredits Div. Rt. of Kings  Justifies rev. on relig. grounds Calvinism spreads across W. Eur. Later some feel justified in pursuing profits for themselves Justifies polit. rev. since religion & politics are so intertwined Religious wars (1560-1648) People sick of anarchy (FC.87) Rise of capit. MC in Eng. (FC.96) English Rev. in 1600’s (FC.96)

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors Punishments - 4 days in jail for Claude's) dad Public humiliation: stocks & pillories; scarlet letter - 58 exec’s (1542- 64); 14 in 1 yr Child beheaded for striking parents Lutheranism popular in N. Ger., Denmark, & Sweden: where it was assoc. w/rulers Calvinism popular in: Neth's, Scotland, Eng, FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc. Decentralized Calvinist Church Can’t crush by attacking just 1 leader or city Idea that Calvinist merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of the religious community God’s abs. power + equality of all believers discredits Div. Rt. of Kings  Justifies rev. on relig. grounds Calvinism spreads across W. Eur. Later some feel justified in pursuing profits for themselves Justifies polit. rev. since religion & politics are so intertwined Religious wars (1560-1648) People sick of anarchy (FC.87) Rise of capit. MC in Eng. (FC.96) English Rev. in 1600’s (FC.96) John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government defines king’s obligations to his subjects much as in a MC business contract

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors Punishments - 4 days in jail for Claude's) dad Public humiliation: stocks & pillories; scarlet letter - 58 exec’s (1542- 64); 14 in 1 yr Child beheaded for striking parents Lutheranism popular in N. Ger., Denmark, & Sweden: where it was assoc. w/rulers Calvinism popular in: Neth's, Scotland, Eng, FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc. Decentralized Calvinist Church Can’t crush by attacking just 1 leader or city Idea that Calvinist merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of the religious community God’s abs. power + equality of all believers discredits Div. Rt. of Kings  Justifies rev. on relig. grounds Calvinism spreads across W. Eur. Later some feel justified in pursuing profits for themselves Justifies polit. rev. since religion & politics are so intertwined Religious wars (1560-1648) People sick of anarchy (FC.87) Rise of capit. MC in Eng. (FC.96) English Rev. in 1600’s (FC.96) John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government defines king’s obligations to his subjects much as in a MC business contract Justifies revolution by the people on political grounds if the king breaks the contract

Calvin’s religion Greatest blessing not being born; next best dying at birth More time descr. heaven than hell His concern not salvation, but doing God's will Geneva: City of Saints - Church 3-4X/week  Fined if tardy  All had opportunity for salv. Also banned: - Fights & drunkenness Loud noises or laughing in church; - Unseemly behavior on Sunday Any Cath. Sympathy such as saying pope was a good man Disrespectful talk about Calvin or clergy All theseFines or exile Theaters & taverns replaced w/inns, mild drinking, & sermons Yearly inspections by consistory; even report neighbors Punishments - 4 days in jail for Claude's) dad Public humiliation: stocks & pillories; scarlet letter - 58 exec’s (1542- 64); 14 in 1 yr Child beheaded for striking parents Lutheranism popular in N. Ger., Denmark, & Sweden: where it was assoc. w/rulers Calvinism popular in: Neth's, Scotland, Eng, FC. 85.2 THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE REFORMATION: CALVINISM Fragmentation of the Reformation (FC.85.1) John Calvin’s religion which believed in predestination, the idea that god is so all powerful that he has predetermined whether we will be saved or not This raised several questions: IS THERE FREE WILL IF GOD IS OMNIPOTENT? Not if we have been predestined since before creation CAN WE KNOW WE ARE SAVED? No, but there are signs we might be: 1) Living an upright life 2) Profession of faith 3) Participation in the sacraments WHY DOES AN ALL POWERFUL GOD ALLOW EVIL? That is a mystery of god beyond our understanding Calvin makes Geneva, Switzerland a model community where all members must exhibit behavior needed to be saved: Must attend church 3-4X/week Banned gambling, dancing, swearing, heavy drinking etc. No fancy clothing, jewelry, hair, etc. Decentralized Calvinist Church Can’t crush by attacking just 1 leader or city Idea that Calvinist merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of the religious community God’s abs. power + equality of all believers discredits Div. Rt. of Kings  Justifies rev. on relig. grounds Calvinism spreads across W. Eur. Later some feel justified in pursuing profits for themselves Justifies polit. rev. since religion & politics are so intertwined Religious wars (1560-1648) People sick of anarchy (FC.87) Rise of capit. MC in Eng. (FC.96) English Rev. in 1600’s (FC.96) John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government defines king’s obligations to his subjects much as in a MC business contract Justifies revolution by the people on political grounds if the king breaks the contract French Revolution (1789) starts the age of political revolutions (FC.105)

a"THERE IS NOT ONE BLADE of grass, there is no color in this world that is not intended to make us rejoice." Those words were penned by a man who has been accused of generating a joyless Christianity. He is remembered as the man who taught predestination, an idea repugnant to many modern minds. Yet those who know Calvin well regard him as a saint. And they aren't surprised that he made such a statement about colors and grass. Born in France in 1509, Calvin was exceptionally brilliant. Initially he intended to be a priest, but he entered the field of law, studying at different universities, including Paris. Major classic at 27 About 1533 Calvin had a "sudden conversion." He said: "God subdued & brought my heart to docility." Apparently he had encountered Luther’s writings. He broke from Catholicism, left France, and settled in Switzerland as an exile. In 1536, Calvin published the first edition of one of the greatest works ever written, The Institutes of the Christian Religion. At the age of 27 he had already produced a major systematic theology, a clear articulation of Reformation teachings. His writings impressed Guillaume Farel, the Reformer of Geneva, Switzerland. Farel pressed Calvin to come and help the Genevan reform. Geneva was to be Calvin's home until he died in 1564 (except for a three-year period when he was exiled from there, only to be invited back to leadership). While there, his workload was staggering. Calvin pastored the St. Pierre church, preaching in it daily. He produced commentaries on almost every book of the Bible. He wrote dozens of devotional and doctrinal pamphlets, carried on vast correspondence, and trained and sent out scores of missionaries. (He managed to do all this while constantly battling various ailments, including migraine headaches.) The reformer wanted Geneva to be like the kingdom of God on earth. He had his work cut out for him. The Genevans had had notoriously lax morals before his coming, and they often balked at his attempts at improving morality. But Calvin's influence was everywhere-in schools, notably, but also as a kind of overarching presence, because he urged excommunicating church members whose lives did not conform to spiritual standards. And every citizen of Geneva had to subscribe to his confession of faith that had been adopted by the city council. A school for many nations Geneva became a powerful moral magnet, attracting Protestant exiles from all over Europe. The Scot, John Knox, described Geneva as "the most perfect school of Christ since the days of the apostles." Through his moral authority, Calvin truly reformed Geneva. And through his French and Latin writings - the Institutes in particular - he gave Protestantism amazing vigor.

What is so grand about the Institutes? For one thing, no other Reformer ever stated Protestantism's beliefs so clearly. Luther wrote much, but never in one book did he bring all key beliefs together. Calvin's book -- which he kept enlarging throughout his life -- covered all the bases. That difficult doctrine Book III of the Institutes has received much attention. In considering the Holy Spirit, Calvin examined the doctrine of regeneration-that is, how are we saved? He claimed that salvation is only possible through the grace of God. Even before creation, God chose some people to be saved. This is the bone most people choke on: predestination. Curiously, it isn't particularly a Calvinist idea. Augustine taught it centuries earlier, and Luther believed it, as did most of the other Reformers. Yet Calvin stated it so forcefully that the teaching is forever identified with him. Calvin said it was clearly taught in the Bible. For Calvin, God was -- above all else -- sovereign. Like all the Reformers, he hated the way Catholicism had degenerated into a religion of salvation-by-works. So Calvin's constantly repeated theme was this: You cannot manipulate God, nor put Him in your debt. If you are saved, it is his doing, not your own. The fruits of election; the right to revolution God alone knows who is elect (saved) and who isn't. But, Calvin said, a moral life shows that a person is (probably) one of the elect. Calvin himself was intensely moral and energetic, and he impressed on others the need to work out their salvation - not to be saved but to show they are saved. This emphasis on doing, on acting to transform a sinful world, became one of the chief characteristics of Calvinism. In emphasizing God's sovereignty, Calvin's Institutes lead the reader to believe that no person -- king, bishop, or anyone else--can demand our ultimate loyalty. Calvin never taught explicitly that men have a "right" to revolution, but it is implied. In this sense his works are amazingly "modern." Far-reaching influence Countless volumes have been written about Calvin's influence, some applauding the man, others regarding him as a puritanical fiend. But it is safe to say that few Christians have been more brilliant, more energetic, more sincere, more moral, more dedicated to the church's purity. Calvin's theology imported better than many other brands of Protestantism, finding homes in Scotland, Poland, Holland, and America. His spiritual descendants make up the World Alliance of Reformed Churches based in Calvin's Geneva. This worldwide alliance consists of 178 denominations with over 50m.adherents in more than 80 countries. Adapted from Christian History Institute's book, 100 Most Important Dates in Church History, published by Revell. Marriage & family Calvin married Idelette, a young widow. Calvin described her as "the faithful helper of my ministry" and "the best companion of my life." They had a son. Sadly, his wife died young, as did their son.

CALVIN, JOHN (1509-64), French reformer and theologian. Born at Noyon in Picardy, he was intended for an ecclesiastical career, and obtained his first benefice at the age of 12. On this occasion he received the tonsure, the only order ever conferred on him. From 1523 to 1528 he studied theology at *Paris, but from 1527 he seems to have had doubts on his priestly vocation and probably also on matters of faith. From 1528 he studied law at Orleans and later at Bourges, where he came under the influence of Melchior Wolmar and a circle of Protestants. In 1532 he issued a Latin commentary on Seneca’s 'De Clementia'. His final break with the RC Church appears to have taken place in 1533 after a religious experience in which he believed he had received a mission to restore the Church to its original purity. In 1534 he went to Noyon, where he resigned his benefices and seems to have been imprisoned for a short time. Danger from an outbreak of persecution under Francis I led to his flight to Basle in 1535, where he intended to devote his life to study. The first edition of the *Institutes (in Latin; q.v.), which were to be rewritten and improved throughout his life, followed in March 1536. On a passing visit to Geneva in July 1536 he reluctantly relinquished his plans for a scholar’s life and yielded to G. *Farel’s urgent appeals to become his coadjutor in organizing the Reformation at Geneva. He was appointed preacher and professor of theology and in 1536 published his Articuli de Regimine Eclesiae. They contained severe regulations concerning admission to the Lord's Supper and required from all Genevan citizens a profession of faith approved by the town council, the refusal of which was to be punished by exile. Despite strong resistance all citizens had accepted the oath by 1538; but his next step, the discipline of excommunication, together with his refusal to conform the usages of the Church at Geneva to those of the more powerful city of Berne, led to the expulsion of both Farel and Calvin later in that year. For the next three years Calvin was minister of the French congregation and lecturer in the theological school at Strassburg. Here he became a close friend of M. *Bucer, whose influence is visible in the fresh edition, in 1539, of his Institutes. He also published a commentary on Romans (1539) and wrote his famous Epistle to Cardinal *Sadoleto, then endeavoring to bring Geneva back to the RC Church, in which he defended the principles of the Reformation with great vigor. In 1539 he attended the Conference of Frankfurt and in 1540 represented Strassburg at *Hagenau and in 1541 at *Worms. At the Diet of *Ratisbon (1541) he formed a friendship with P. *MelanchthonIn 1541 Calvin returned to Geneva, where his party had gained the upper hand, and during the next 14 years he devoted himself to establishing a theocratic regime on OT lines. This was effected by a series of 'Ordinances' which placed the government of the new Church in the hands of four classes of men, called pastors, doctors, elders, and deacons. They were assisted by a '*consistory' of ministers and laymen which, under Calvin, was chiefly a tribunal of morals. It wielded the power of excommunication and had far-reaching powers over the private lives of the citizens. These were enforced by new legislation, which inflicted severe punishments even for purely religious offences and prohibited all pleasures such as dancing and games. This regime was resisted by a party incorrectly described as 'Libertines', which Calvin succeeded in overcoming by force. Among the opponents executed after torture were Jacques Gruet (1547), Raoul Monnet (1549), and, best known, Michael *Servetus (1553). By 1555, however, all resistance had ceased and Calvin was the uncontested master of the city. At the same time he also took the lead in the affairs of other Protestant communities. In 1548 he addressed a letter to the Protector *Somerset indicating the changes which he wished to see introduced in England; in 1555 he gave shelter to English Protestant refugees; and he actively supported the French Protestants. All his NT commentaries appeared during this period, as well as a number of writings on the Reformation and his treatise on Predestination (1552).From 1555 to his death he was the unopposed dictator of Geneva, which, through him, had become a city of the strictest morality. He continued his literary activities, commented on most of the OT books, and in 1559 founded the Academy of Geneva to continue his teaching. Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, pg. 222-223

Every dark cloud has a silver lining, but lightning kills hundreds of people each year who are trying to find it. w

Every dark cloud has a silver lining, but lightning kills hundreds of people each year who are trying to find it. w

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