ISLAM: Submission to the Will of Allah

1. ISLAM: Submission to the Will of Allah By: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

2. The Judeo-Christian Foundations of Islam

3. IslamAn Abrahamic Religion • Muslims are strict monotheists. • They believe in the Judeo- Christian God, which they callAllah. • Muslims believe that the Torah and the Bible, like the Qur’an, is the word of God. Peoples of the Book

4. Abraham’s Genealogy HAGAR ABRAHAM SARAH Ishmael Isaac 12 Arabian Tribes Jacob Esau 12 Tribes of Israel

5. The Prophetic Tradition Adam Noah Abraham Moses Jesus Muhammad

6. The Qur'an: God's Last Revelation

7. The Origins of the Qur’an • Muhammad received his first revelation from the angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira in 610. • 622 Hijrah  Muhammed flees Mecca for Medina. * The beginning of the Muslim calendar (1 A.H.) • Muhammad’s revelations were compiled into the Qur’an after his death.

8. The Qur’an • Muslims believe it contains the word of God. • 114 suras (chapters). • In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful. • Written in Arabic.

9. The Five Pillars of Islam

10. 1. The Shahada • The testimony. • The declaration of faith: There is no god worthy of worship except God, andMuhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet]. 1

11. 2. The Salat • The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day:* dawn* noon* late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed • Wash before praying. • Face Mecca and use a prayer rug. 2

12. 2. The Salat • The call to prayer by themuezzin in the minaret. • Pray in the mosque on Friday. 2

13. 3. The Zakat • Almsgiving (charitable donations). • Muslims believe that all things belong to God. • Zakat means both “purification” and “growth.” • About 2.5% of your income. 3

14. 4. The Sawm • Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan. • Considered a method of self- purification. • No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan. 4

15. 5. The Hajj • The pilgrimage to Mecca. • Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime. • 2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year. 5

16. 5. The Hajj • Those who complete the pilgrimage can add the titlehajji to their name. 5

17. The Dar al-Islam The Worldof Islam 1 2 3 4 5

18. Sunna- “well-trodden path” the way of living based on the ways and customs of Muhammad The Hadith- sayings of the prophet Jihad- “to struggle” inner struggle for righteousness / self-defense against aggression and persecution Islamic Way of Life

19. The Mosque • The Muslim place of worship.

20. The Dome of the Rock Mosque in Jerusalem Mount Moriah Rockwhere Muhammad ascended into heaven.

21. Other Islamic Religious Practices • Up to four wives allowed at once. • No alcohol or pork. • No gambling. • Sharia body of Islamic law to regulate daily living. • Three holiest cities in Islam:* Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem.

22. Essential Question: Why was Islam able to spread so quickly and convert so many to the new religion?

23. Spread of Islam

24. The Spread of Islam • Easy to learn and practice. • No priesthood. • Teaches equality. • Non-Muslims, who were “Peoples of the Book,” were allowed religious freedom, but paid additional taxes. • Easily “portable”  nomads & trade routes. • Jihad(“Holy Struggle” or “Holy War”)

25. Never claimed to be divine Followers didn’t separate religious and political authority Muhammad dies in AD 632

26. Abu BakrMuhammad’s father-in-law Who would lead?

27. appointed as “successors” to Muhammad Administrative Military Judicial Prayer Not as a prophet Caliphs

28. Three main eras in history of Caliphate

29. 'Abu Bakr, 'Umar, 'Uthman, 'Ali Original followers and companions of Muhammad. Arab armies march from victory to victory Expansion to Palestine, Middle-East, Persia, North Africa 632-661The Four "Rightly-Guided" Caliphs

30. Succession ? Mohammed had no surviving male children Daughter: Fatima Son-in-law: Ali, child of his uncle generated a permanent split in the Islamic community Sunnis Shi’as Early Problems

31. Original political split arose over succession of the office of Khalif Ali, was the fourth Khalif, assassinated and replaced by the Umayyad dynasty There had always been a faction that believed 'Ali should have been the first Khalif. Majority group (Approximately 89%) continued to support the "mainstream" line of Khalifs. Came to be known Sunnis, followers of the "sunna" (custom) of the Prophet as it is practiced and interpreted by the Islamic community. considered themselves the “orthodox” followers of Mohammed. Dissenters: The Shia` ("faction") of `Ali. Sunni & Shiite

32. Comparing Traditions within Islam

33. Centered in Damascus, Syria Massive translation of Greek and Indian writings Military character Time of expansion: to Spain in West, India in East 732 pushed into EuropeBATTLE OF TOURS 661-750The 'Umayyad Dynasty

34. Descended from Muhammad's uncle al-'Abbas. Centered in Baghdad, Iraq. Persian-style absolute monarchy. With over 2 million, Baghdad becomes a cultural center in the world (Golden Age) Science, art, architecture, learning, and wealth Lighted streets, public baths, public libraries and hospitals everywhere Fell to Seljuk Turks, then Mongols. 750-1258The 'Abbasid Dynasty

35. During the golden age of Muslim civilization, Muslims of many lands made advances in art, literature, and science. Muslim civilization adapted and greatly expanded the learning of other cultures The Golden Age of Muslim Civilization

37. Persia Administration and governance literature India Mathematics, science, medicine “Hindi” numbers Greece Philosophy, esp. Aristotle Greek medicine Cultural influences on Islam

38. Development of these received influences Distribution throughout the Muslim world Introduction and reintroduction of these ideas to medieval Europe Through Spain Spanish Jews Cultural Importance of Islam

39. Muslims in the WorldToday

40. Countries with the Largest Muslim Population * Arabs make up only 20% of the total Muslim population of the world.