Dr. Ulf Fredriksson Education Department Mid Sweden University

1. Teacher Evaluation in SwedenOECD WorkshopTowards a Teacher Evaluation Framework in Mexico: International Practices, Criteria and Mechanisms1 – 2 December 2009, Mexico City Dr. Ulf Fredriksson Education Department Mid Sweden University

2. Teacher Certification and Selection in Sweden • Basic information about education in Sweden • Teacher Evaluation in Sweden: Three approaches • School Inspection • Individualised Salaries • Continuous Dialogue • Teacher Certification • Conclusions: A Swedish approach

3. Some basic information

4. Sweden: Number of teachers: • Pre-school: 72 507 • Primary and lower secondary education: 83 784 • Upper secondary education: 27 346

5. Sweden: Investment in education • % of GDP: 7.3 • % of national budget: 12.8

6. Sweden :Level of education in the population Percentage of the population aged 20 to 24 having completed at least upper secondary education 86.3 %

7. Sweden: Education system • Pre-school classes: 1 year, compulsory for the municipalities • Compulsory school: 9 years, a unified system with some options to chose during the last years • Upper secondary school: 3 years, not compulsory, most students continue, different tracks

8. Sweden: Levels in the system • Three levels in the system: National – Municipal (290 municipalities) - School • Municipalities get income from taxes and state grants • Municipalities determine how to organize education (in accordance with national laws) • Municipalities usually have a municipal school board

9. Sweden: Responsibilities of the municipalities • Municipalities develop their own allocation system • Municipalities develop school plans based on the national curriculum

10. Sweden: School management • Every school has a principal • The Principal: responsible for the daily work and for the development of the education in the school • The municipalities often delegate responsibilities to the principals

11. Co-operation and consultations with stakeholders • Co-determination act: general law applicable for all employers, guarantees on-going information from employer to recognised unions, negotiations about all major decisions taken by the employer • Students: influence on the work in the classroom, representation in local school boards • Parents: Co-operation with parent associations, meeting with parents, representation in local school boards • Staff: representation in local school boards, information and negotiations with the staff unions

12. Teacher Evaluation in Sweden: Three approaches • No specific system for teacher evaluation, but integrated in other activities…. • School Inspection • Individualised Salaries • Continuous Dialogue

13. School Inspection • The Swedish Schools Inspectorate makes sure that those responsible for schools, i.e. primarily local authorities and those in charge of running independent schools,  follow the laws and regulations that apply. • Full inspection: legal and quality aspects. Targets three key areas with attention paid to the conditions of the operation and the results of the work: 1) Results, standards of achievement, learning and teaching. 2) How schools succeed in teaching students the norms and values of a democratic society 3) The management and internal audit are inspected both at the municipal and the individual school level.

14. School Inspection • An inspection always results in a decision - measures to take or action required by the authority/party responsible for the school. • The inspected local authority has to report in writing within three months on the work carried out to rectify shortcomings. If the Inspectorate believes that the requirements are satisfactory it will conclude the inspection; otherwise, the Inspectorate requests additional measures from the responsible organisation. • For independent schools, inspection could also result in a decision to withdraw the school’s license to operate or it’s right to receive subsidies.

15. School Inspection • Quality evaluations, takes a closer look at a particular area. For example, quality evaluations may be conducted for a particular school subject such as mathematics or for a more overall area such as access to special assistance for students. • Analyses of the shortcomings identified are used to determine the areas where quality evaluations are needed. • Regular inspections may also identify shortcomings that result in the evaluation of a specific area.

16. School Inspection • It is possible for students, parents and others to file a complaint about the shortcomings in a particular school with the Swedish Schools Inspectorate. • The Inspectorate can on its own initiative investigate a school, pre-school or other organisation as the result of shortcomings that have attracted the attention of the media for example.

17. School Inspection • Self-evaluation • Every municipality must draw up a quality report at municipal level with regard to all municipally-run pre-school activities, school-age child care, and school activities. • Every school must draw up a quality report. • The quality reports are publicly available to anyone who wants information about a specific municipality or school. • Problems with reporting.

18. Individualised Salaries • Salaries for teachers individual and differentiated. • A general framework negotiated between teacher unions and the municipalities. • Specific guidelines negotiated in the municipalities or in the schools.

19. Individualised Salaries • Salaries should be based on • The tasks: position, responsibility, work situation and content. • How the tasks are done: competence, experience and results. • The individual salary is proposed by the principal and negotiated with the individual teacher (who could be supported by the union).

20. Individualised Salaries • The principal should base his/her proposal on an informed judgement of the teachers work. • In the discussion about the salary the principal should explain his/her proposal. • Those who get no salary increase or only a very low increase over time should be given the reasons for this in a dialogue with the principal. • Not all schools/municipalities have developed guidelines.

21. Continuous Dialogue • Principals are expected to have on regular basis a discussion with individual teachers where the teacher´s tasks and work are discussed and evaluated. • These discussions can be used to decide about needs for professional development and other types of support. • They can also be used for a judgment related to future negociations about the salary.

22. Teacher Certification • Before a teacher gets a permanent position there is a one year probation period. • A proposal is being prepared which will introduce an new type of additional teacher certification that will be awarded teachers after some years of teaching based on good teaching and/or accademic degrees.

23. Conclusions: A Swedish approach • Decentralization • Transparency • Trust • Purpose • A Nordic approach

24. Summary • There is no specific teacher evaluation in Sweden. • Teacher evaluation is an integral part of other activities. • Inspections • Individualized salaries • Continuous dialogue between principal and teachers • Probation period, additional certification after some years. • Decentralization, transparency, trust, purpose

25. Thank you! Gracias! ulf.fredriksson@miun.se