1B Germany, 1890–1945: Democracy and dictatorship

1. 1B Germany, 1890–1945: Democracy and dictatorship Useful Revision Websites: • GCSEPod: https://members.gcsepod.com/login • BBC Bitesize: http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/zj26n39 • JohnDClare: http://www.johndclare.net/ • AQA Website: http://www.aqa.org.uk/student-support/for-students/revision/revision-resources

2. Part one: Germany and the growth of democracy • Kaiser Wilhelm and the difficulties of ruling Germany: the growth of parliamentary government; the influence of Prussian militarism; industrialisation; social reform and the growth of socialism; the domestic importance of the Navy Laws. • Impact of the First World War: war weariness, economic problems; defeat; the end of the monarchy; post-war problems including reparations, the occupation of the Ruhr and hyperinflation. • Weimar democracy: political change and unrest, 1919–1923, including Spartacists, Kapp Putsch and the Munich Putsch; the extent of recovery during the Stresemann era (1924–1929): economic developments including the new currency, Dawes Plan and the Young Plan; the impact of international agreements on recovery; Weimar culture.

3. Part two: Germany and the Depression • The impact of the Depression: growth in support for the Nazis and other extremist parties (1928–1932), including the role of the SA; Hitler’s appeal. • The failure of Weimar democracy: election results; the role of Papen and Hindenburg and Hitler’s appointment as Chancellor. • The establishment of Hitler’s dictatorship: the Reichstag Fire; the Enabling Act; elimination of political opposition; trade unions; Rohm and the Night of the Long Knives; Hitler becomes Führer.

4. Part three: The experiences of Germans under the Nazis • Economic changes: benefits and drawbacks; employment; public works programmes; rearmament; self-sufficiency; the impact of war on the economy and the German people, including bombing, rationing, labour shortages, refugees. • Social policy and practice: reasons for policies, practices and their impact on women, young people and youth groups; education; control of churches and religion; Aryan ideas, racial policy and persecution; the Final Solution. • Control: Goebbels, the use of propaganda and censorship; Nazi culture; repression and the police state and the roles of Himmler, the SS and Gestapo; opposition and resistance, including White Rose group, Swing Youth, Edelweiss Pirates and July 1944 bomb plot.

5. Germany in 1890 • Before 1870 Germany did not exist – a small collection of states were loosely linked by a common language and culture – the largest was Prussia who wanted to unite all of these states to become more powerful. • By 1871 Prussia was unified and the new nation of Germany was formed and the King of Prussia became the new German Emperor – the Kaiser. • The country shared a belief in Militarism (to have a strong army) and the Kaiser was it’s supreme commander. • In 1888 Wilhelm became Kaiser – he wanted to make Germany as great as Britain with a big army and empire. He began industrialisation (building up Germany's industries and factories). • By 1913 Germany was producing as much coal and steel as Britain and most of Europe's electrical goods and chemicals.

6. Was Kaiser Wilhelm Autocratic? His position was that of a constitutional monarch – a King with a government. He was Head of State, but he could not send instructions to the Reichstag (Parliament), nor declare war, nor raise taxes, nor make laws. Instead Germany had an elected Parliament with a Chancellor (something like a Prime Minister but not a President) and a series of local government organisations, like councils. However, the Kaiser chose what the Reichstag debated and he also chose who should be Chancellor. The Army was under the control of the Imperial High Command which advised the Kaiser. A similar structure existed for the Imperial Navy. Kaiser Wilhelm II was regarded by most Germans as a father figure although he was quite young when he ascended the throne in 1888, at the age of 29. However, the high regard that most people had for his late father, the first Kaiser of the new Germany, meant that he followed a difficult act, so to speak. People wanted him to be a modernisinginfluence in social and national affairs. Almost immediately in his reign, the Chancellor Bismarck introduced legislation to limit trade unions and to prevent the formation of anything like a socialist movement, and certainly not a socialist party. After some months of debate in the Reichstag, and with the Kaiser, Bismarck was dismissed. This was seen by most Germans as a positive move away from Prussian militarism and towards a more modern social structure, similar to other European monarchies. Wilhelm seemed to have a more conciliatory attitude towards working people and their difficulties, he wanted to bring people together. In particular, he took sides with miners during a serious strike in 1889. He approved social security legislation, medical aid arrangements and a retirement pension scheme that was far ahead of anything else in Europe at the time. Then things began to change. Wilhelm seemed to become more reactionary and conservative in his approach to social problems and towards Germany's place in the world. Wilhelm wanted Germany to have "a place in the sun", he wanted it to be great and establish colonies around the world by taking over other countries such as those held by the United Kingdom and France. Also, he promoted (could not order) a massive expansion of the German military, especially the navy. At that point, the German people viewed him with pride as a builder of a German Empire, but also with some fear and trepidation as a King trying to be a dictator. As the century came to an end, he was promoting increasing expenditure on military expansion at the expense of social spending and community improvement. He was refusing to sign laws to improve everyday life, but willingly signing off massive spending on ships and guns.

7. Industrialisation & Socialisation • Industrialisation = growth in the amount of factories • The amount of factories and industry grew quickly under Kaiser Wilhelm II. For example, in 1880 Germany had only been making half the amount of steel Britain had, but by 1914 it was producing twice as much as Britain. Germany was also making one-third of the world’s electrical goods and its telephone system was more advanced than any other country. The engineering company’s like Bosch and Siemens were known worldwide and Germany was trading with lots of other countries. • The population grew from just over 40million in 1871 to nearly 68 million in 1914 – this meant that there were more workers to work in the factories. • Kaiser Wilhelm II and the rich people of Germany were very happy at the growth in industry and factories as it meant Germany was making more money and was becoming a very rich country. Kaiser Wilhelm II started spending this money on the army and navy – building lots of new weapons and ships. • The business and factory owners became very rich and powerful and they did not want to lose their money or power. However, many of the workers in the factories were becoming unhappy as they weren’t paid a lot and they had to work long hours in horrible conditions as the factories were unsafe. Lots of workers joined trade unions and organised strikes and protests to try and change things. • Many workers joined a new political party called the Social Democratic Party (SPD) who believed in socialism. • Socialism = the wealth of a country should be spread equally among the people, not kept by the rich. • The SPD hoped the Kaiser might share some of his power to let the Reichstag/parliament make some more decisions and give more money to the people and improving the rights and wages of the workers. Some Socialists wanted to rebel against the Kaiser and start revolution to take over Germany. Therefore, the rise in socialism was a big problem for the Kaiser as his rich businessmen friends did not want to lose money but the Kaiser faced a rebellion by the workers and could lose his job as Kaiser.

8. Prussian Militarism and Navy Laws in Germany 1890-1914 • Kaiser Wilhelm II wanted to have a powerful navy to match the huge and powerful British navy. One of Wilhelm’s admirals agreed (Admiral von Tirpitz) who argued Germany needed large battleships to rival the British navy and if Germany had a large ship building program it would scare the British government and then the British would be more likely to let the Germans take over other smaller countries to build German colonies (new countries that Germany would own). Therefore, Admiral von Tirpitz became State Secretary of the Navy for Germany in 1897 and passed several laws called the Navy Laws. These new Navy Laws affected the lives of millions of Germans as well as the relationship between Britain and Germany as they wanted to make Germany great by increasing the size of the navy. • The First Navy Law was passed in 1898 even though the Social Democratic Party (SPD) did not like it. The law allowed seven new battleships to be built in three years to add to the twelve Germany already had. It would not be as many as the British had but it was a start to the German navy becoming much stronger. • In 1900 the Second Navy Law was passed and it increased the amount of battleships to 38. It was clear the Germans were not just looking to defend their coastline but were hoping to become a big naval force to rival Britain. In Germany this increase in battleships encouraged people to feel proud of Germany but also they started to fear and hate the British as they were competing with them. • In the early 1900s more navy laws were passed to increase the size of the German navy, Britain was now competing with Germany to increase the size of their navy and a naval arms race started, as they were both racing/competing to have more weapons. • Kaiser Wilhelm was very enthusiastic and thoroughly supported the increase in the German navy as he believed it would make Germany strong.

9. Impact of World War One • In August 1914 Germany and Austria went to war with Britain, France, Russia and other countries. • When war broke out it was very popular in Germany as people were patriotic and thought it would end quickly. • Instead soldiers were worn down by bombs, poisonous gas and machine guns and ordinary Germans started to suffer too. • The war, and therefore, Kaiser Wilhelm started to become very unpopular with the German people. The German Revolution or October Revolution was a rebellion (protest) of the German people at the end of the First World War that meant Germany's government was replaced with a republic. The revolution lasted from October 1918 until August 1919 when the new republic was made (a new type of government where people vote for people to be their leaders) the name of this new government was the Weimar Republic. • The revolution started because Germany was losing the First World War and lots of people were unhappy in Germany because they had very little food. The first people to rebel were the German Navy because the Kaiser wanted them to fight a big battle with the British Royal Navy. The battle never took place. Instead of following the Kaiser’s orders to begin to fight the British, German sailors led a rebellion in the naval ports of Wilhelmshaven on 29 October 1918, followed by the Kiel rebellion in the first days of November. These rebellions spread across Germany as the people started to rebel and ultimately led to the start of a new type of government called a republic on 9 November 1918. Shortly after, Kaiser Wilhelm IIabdicated (stood down as King) and fled the country. • The Social Democratic Party (SPD) decided to start a new national assembly that would make a new government where people could vote for their leaders. They decided to call their new government the Weimar Republic. Elections for the new Weimar National Assembly were held on 19 January 1919. The revolution ended on 11 August 1919, when the Weimar Constitution (the new rules on how the government would work)started.

10. The new Weimar Republic • Following WW1 and the October Revolution Kaiser Wilhelm was forced to abdicate on 9 November 1918. • Friedrich Ebert, SPD, announced Germany was now a republic, with him as President and his colleague Philipp Scheidemann as Chancellor. • They set up the Weimar Republic with a new constitution (set of rules on how the government and country would work) • This new constitution/rules were to make Germany the perfect democracy: • A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech and religion, and equality under the law. • All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote. This was even better than Britain where only women over 30 could vote. • There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag (parliament). • The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which had to do what the Reichstag wanted.

11. Germany: Blame Had to take full responsibility for the war- due to the War Guilt Cause Act 231. They blamed the war on Russia. The Treaty Of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles was the peace settlement signed after World War One, in 1918. The treaty was signed at the vast Versailles Palace, near Paris, between Germany and the Allies. The Treaty of Versailles was supposed to ensure a lasting peace by punishing Germany and setting up a League of Nations to solve diplomatic/political problems. It was signed on the 28th June 1919. Could not join the league of nations. Land Germany lost 13% of its land- lost important raw materials. The Big Three The three most important politicians there were David Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France) and Woodrow Wilson (America). Negotiations were difficult. Due to their different aims, by 19th March it looked as though the conference was going to break up. Lloyd George saved the conference and with persuasion and compromise, they all came to an agreement. Why The Germans Were Angry With The Treaty Of Versailles Were not allowed to join with Austria. Lloyd George +A 'just' peace that would be tough enough to please the electors who wanted to 'make Germany pay', but would leave Germany strong enough to trade. +Land for Britain's empire. +To safeguard Britain's naval supremacy. Clemenceau +Revenge and to punish Germany. +To return Alsace-Lorraine to France. +No League of Nations. +An independent Rhineland. +Huge reparations. +To disband the German army so that Germany would never be strong enough to attack France again. Wilson +To end war by creating a League of Nations based on his Fourteen Points. +To ensure Germany was not destroyed. +Not to blame Germany for the war - he hated the Guilt Clause. Money Had to pay £6.6billion in reparations/compensation. Arms Army reduced to 100,000 men. Navy cut to 15,000 sailors and 6 battleships. Could not have an air force. Not allowed submarines. No troops were allowed into the Rhineland- a demilitarised zone. Left feeling powerless No negotiations

12. Which Extremist Political Group Was The Biggest Threat To The Weimar Republic?

13. Political Problems: The Constitution Invasion Of The Ruhr Proportional Representation- All votes were counted up centrally to divide the seats fairly between parties. Article 48- A clause that gave the president of the Weimar Republic the right to dismiss parliament and rule by himself if he decided there was a ‘state of emergency’. + French and Belgian troops invaded the Ruhr in January 1923. + They would get their reparations by taking German goods. + The Germans could not use force so they used passive resistance. + French soldiers shot German civilians and made 150,000 people homeless. Hyperinflation + With workers on strike, shortages quickly developed and priced soared. + The Government printed money so people could by food and prices rose out of control. + Millions of Germans faced starvation, particularly middle classes and pensioners. + The worst affected were those on pensions, fixed incomes and those with savings in the bank. + By August 1923, Germany’s economy had collapsed. Left Wing Right Wing Communist Part (KPD) German Democrat Party (DDP) People’s Party (DVP) National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) Social Democrat Party (SPD) National People’s Party (DNVP) Central Party (Zentrum) Communist Views: + Belief that the nation should own all factories/profit making companies. + That wealth should be shared equally- everyone is equal. + Put the good of society before the individual. Fascists/Nazi Views + Nationalistic- Put the good of the nation before the individual. + Believe in a strong leader. + Believe that your nation is better than others. + Need for armed forces to defend your nation. + Believe that individuals should be able to make as much money as they like to become very rich. Both + Believe that your party should control the media. + Belief that your party should have the power to detain/lock up individuals who threaten your beliefs. + Believe that only your party should exist. Problems With The Weimar Government -In -The -End -Stood -Hitler + Invasion of the Ruhr. + Treaty Of Versailles. + Extreme political violence. + Stab in the back. + Hyperinflation. Acronym to remember

14. To What Extent Did Stresemann Solve The Problems Facing The Weimar Republic?

15. How Germany Recovered While Under Stresemann The Wall Street Crash + October 1929- Share prices began to fall on the Wall Street Stock Exchange. + Falling shared meant that people’s investments fell in value. + Worried about losing money, people rushed to sell their shares before the value fell any further. + On ‘Black Thursday’, 24th October 1929, 13million shares were sold. + The panic selling made things worse and sent prices even lower. + Shares worth $20,000 in the morning were worth $100 by the end of the day’s trading. + Within a week, investors had lost $4million. Problems Still In Weimar: + Huge spending on welfare and health care- it was too expensive. + Unemployment was rising. + From 1927 exports were falling. + Weimar culture angered extremist groups (they wanted to abolish the Treaty of Versailles) + Economic prosperity and stability was based on foreign loans. + There was a depression in farming. Many farmers were in debt. + By 1928 there were serious disputes between worker and trade unions. Weimar Recovered: + Gradual rise in the standard of living. + Culture flourished- Marlene Dietrich, Brecht, Grosz. + People had more freedom than under the Kaiser. + Foreign countries were prepared to invest money in Germany. + Extremist political parties lost votes. + In 1926 Stresemann won the Nobel Peace Prize. + Germany was welcomed back into the international community and the League of Nations. + The public voted for moderate parties. The Advantages Of Stresemann’s Policy + French were persuaded to leave the Ruhr. + Rentenmark replaced the old mark. + Economic stability. + Dawes Plan brought in loans from America. + Young Plan lowered reparations. + Inflation was under control. + Foreign affairs. Better relationships with other countries. + Political reforms/changes and amendments. + Strength at the centre of the country. The Effects Of The Great Depression + People lost everything- Homes, food, savings... + The number of exports decreased. + Factories closed. + Prices of necessities went up. + Decrease in industrial production. + Anger and violence on the streets. + Farmers suffered even more. + People lost faith in the Government. + Young people struggled to find work. + 6million workers were unemployed ( 4 out of 10 German workers). + Unemployment. + Nazis gained in popularity. + The Government cut employment benefits and increased taxes. + Germany needed to repay their loan quickly.

16. The Nazis All carefully planned.

17. Propaganda + Cheap radios were made so that as many Germans as possible could listen to Nazi propaganda. + By 1939: 70% of Germans owned a radio. + Large speakers were set up in public squares all over Germany and people were encouraged to listen to important radio programmes and announcements. Films + 1930s: The cinema was popular in most countries. + Goebbels controlled all German made films. + Most were adventure stories, comedies or romances. + There was always a newsreel film, News Of The Week. + The newsreels were made by Goebbels’s film-makers and shown before the main films. + Goebbels ordered openly pro-Nazi films to be made and with strict control of the scripts. How Hitler Ended Up With Power Fire of the Reichstag Elections Enabling Law Trade Unions taken over Banned all other political parties Long Knives (Night Of The Long Knives) Army oath Death of Hindenburg Fire of the Reichstag 27th February 1933 + The Reichstag building was destroyed by fire. + Marinus Van der Lubbe, a Dutch communist, was found at the scene. + Nazis claimed that it was the start of a communist plot to take over Germany. + That night- 4,000 communist leaders were arrested. + Next day- Hitler got Hindenburg to grant him EMERGENCY POWERS- this gave police the power to hold people with no time limit and without trial. + Thousand who opposed the Nazis were arrested. + 1928- Hitler chose Josef Goebbels to run the Nazi Ministry of Propaganda. Goebbels took control of all mass media and ensures newspapers and posters carried the strong, simple slogans of the Nazis. Through censorship, he was able to prevent Germans from hearing any conflicting messages. Newspapers + Anti-Nazi newspapers were shut down. + Jews were banned from owning and working for newspapers. + MPs sent the remaining newspapers instructions telling them what to print, what pictures should be published and what angle they should take on the news. + In public places, display boards were set up so that everyone could read these newspapers. Rallies + Nazis always presented an image of order and control to German people- from the uniforms, meetings, torchlight processions and rallies. + Once in power, they made their rallies even more impressive. + A huge stadium at Nuremberg was specially built for them. + Goebbels stage-managed these rallies to give a dramatic impression of overwhelming power and unity. Books + As soon as they came to power, the Nazis organised official book-burnings: books were burned in public on massive bonfires. + They burned: books by communists and socialists, books by Jews, books by anyone they disapproved of and books containing ideas they disapproved of. + By burning them, they prevented German people from reading and thinking beyond the Nazi message. + All new books published had to be censored by Goebbels’s Ministry. Radio + Goebbels took over all radio broadcasting. + Regular programmes included Hitler’s speeches, German music and German history- Foreign programmes couldn’t be picked up.

18. + Nazis banned meetings held by political opponents and closed down their newspapers. • New Elections 5th March 1933 • + Nazis used police and SA to pressurise political opponents. • + More than 50 opponents were killed, with many more injured. • + The Nazis used radios to broadcast their anti-communist messages. • + This helped the Nazis achieve their best ever election result- 44% of the vote. • The Enabling Law 24th March 1933 • + Hitler wanted an Enabling Law. This would give him the power to pass laws without the Reichstag or President. • + All the power was in his hands. • + Hitler needed 2/3 of Reichstag to support it. • + They did need persuading to give up their power. • How: • The Communist Party were banned from voting. • Centre Party were persuaded to vote in favour of the law- Hitler promised to protect the Catholic Church. • Only social democrats voted against it. • + The Enabling Law was passed by 444 voted to 94. • + The Weimar Republic and democracy it brought was ended. • + The Reichstag had vote itself out of existence. • + Germany was a dictatorship. • + All decisions were made by Hitler and his closest advisers. • Trade Unions taken over 2nd May 1933 • + Trade Union offices were taken over. • + Union leaders were arrested. • + All trade unions were merged into one organisation- the new German Labour Front (DAF). • + DAF was controlled by the Nazis. • All Political Parties Banned July 1933 • + A law was introduced whereby people were banned from forming new political parties. • + By this time, Social Democratic Party and the Communist Party were banned. • + Other political parties were broken up. + The new law meant that no new parties could be set up to challenge the Nazis. + There was now only one party in Germany. Night Of The Long Knives 29th-30th June 1934 + By 1934: Hitler was concerned over the SA’s increasing power- it had 3million members and wanted control of the army. + Ernst Rohm was a potential rival. + Hitler also needed to reassure the army. The army was smaller than the SA but it was well trained and disciplined. It was an organisation with the power to overthrow Hitler. + Army leaders feared that the SA would take over and resented the violence they used. + The army was supported by powerful businessmen who wanted Hitler to grow the army and buy new weapons. + On the night: SA leaders were dragged from their beds, taken to Nazi headquarters and shot dead. + Rohm was arrested. When he refused to commit suicide, he was shot in prison. + The night sent a warning message to the rest of Germany about how ruthless Hitler was in his pursuit of power. Army Oath August 1934 + The army took a personal oath to Hitler . + Hitler was now the supreme commander of the armed forces. + All German soldiers swore to obey Hitler and to risk their lives at ay time. Death of Hindenburg 2nd August 1934 + When Hindenburg died, Hitler made himself president as well as chancellor. + Hitler was now the absolute head of the Government.

19. The Ideal Nazi Woman + Aryan + Flat shoes + Natural hair + Simple image + No makeup + No trousers + No smoking + Young + Healthy + Christian + Fertile + The 3 Ks- Children, Church & Cooking/ Kinder, Kirche & Küche + Women would receive certain medals the more they had. + Women could visit Lebensborns where they could be impregnated by a strong, Aryan soldier. Nazi Policies Towards The Youth In Germany Education + Everyone had to attend school until the age of 14, after that, schooling was optional. + Boys and girls were taught at separate schools. Teachers + Teachers had to swear an oath of loyalty to Hitler and had to join the Nazi Teacher’s League. + Teachers had to promote Nazi ideals in the classroom. Curriculum+ The curriculum changed to prepare students, + Lots of PE. + Boys were prepared for the military. + Girls were prepared for being good wives, mothers and homemakers. + New subjects were introduced, such as race studies. + Children were taught how to measure their skulls to clarify racial types. Anyone who was Aryan was classed as the superior race. Textbook + They were written to fit Nazi views of history and racial purity. + Mein Kampf was a standard textbook. Lessons + Each lesson started and finished with ‘Heil Hitler’. + There was a Nazi theme to every subject. + Maths problems dealt with social issues. + Geography taught about hostile neighbours. + In history lesson, children were taught about the evils of communism and the Treaty of Versailles. Eugenics + Race studies. + How to improve their race. + Nazi beliefs on the inferiority of black people, eastern Europeans and Jewish people.

20. Nazi Oppositions & How Successful They Were

21. Rearmament • + Determined to build up armed forces (in preparation for the future). • + In turn, this reduced unemployment. • Extra • + 1933: army of 100,000 • + 1939: army of 1,400,000 • + Heavy industry increased to meet the needs of rearmament. • + Coal and chemicals doubled from 1933-1939 • + Oil, iron and steel trebled • + Billions were spent on making tanks, aircrafts and ships • + 1933: 3.5billion on rearmament • + 1939: 2.6billion on rearmament • The KDF: Strength Through Joy Movement • + Set up in Nazi Germany to ensure that all parts of a worker’s free time was well spent. • + It organized after-work activities, holidays and leisure time. • + Had two main purposes: to make sure that no one had too much time to get involved in activities against the state and to make it so that within Nazi Germany, workers were grateful to the Nazis for giving them opportunities, like activities and holidays. • + Before the Nazis, they would not have been able to afford it all. • Better Or Worse Off? • + Wages rose (Avg. 1932: 86marks- 1938: 109marks) • + Organised the improvements of working conditions- Beauty Of Work • + Opportunities to take part in activities and to go on trips • + Volkswagen Scheme- Opportunity to get a car through payment instalments • Nazis stopped helping many people once they had power • People never did get the Volkswagen they were promised • Cost of living rose • Had to work longer hours • Labour Front Camps- Early get up, long days, military drill and work, tiring, bad pay, too much physical activity and little free time • People could rarely afford the better trips and activities • No trade unions: couldn’t protest, negotiate for better pay. They could simply be sent to concentration camps • Policies Introduced To Reduce Unemployment • 1933- 6,014,000 • 1934- 3,773,000 • 1935- 2,974,000 • 1936- 2,520,000 • 1937- 1,853,000 • 1938- 1,052,000 • 1939- 302,000 • The Labour Service Corps • + A scheme to get young men into manual labour work. • + From 1935: compulsory for men between the ages of 18-25 to serve for 6 months. • + Workers lived in camps. • + Wore uniforms. • + Low pay. • + Had to take part in military drill and work. • Job Creation Scheme • + First spent billions on them. • + 1934-18.4billion • + 1939- 37.1billion • + Massive road building programme to provide Germany with 7,000km of motorway. • + Gave private firms some money- especially in the construction industry. • Invisible Unemployment • + Hid some figures to make unemployment rates look better. • + Didn’t include certain people: • - Jews who had been sacked from work • - Unmarried men under the age of 25 in the National Labour - Scheme • - Women who had been dismissed from work • - Women who left work to marry • Nazi opponents in concentration camps • + Figures included part-time workers as full-time employees. The reduction in unemployment from 1933 to 1939

22. The Effects Of Policies On School Children • + Aryans and non-Aryans split • + Jewish children were humiliated • + Jews described horribly by teachers + schoolbooks + pictures etc. • + Jewish children expelled • + Stereotypical vision of Jewish people was displayed • This Led To: • + Children scared of Jews • + Jewish children left feeling humiliated • + Aryans and non-Aryans wouldn’t have mixed as much • + Awful images of Jews were printed in childrens’ heads- scaring them and left them having certain views and expectations • The Labour Service Corps • + A scheme to get young men into manual labour work. • + From 1935: compulsory for men between the ages of 18-25 to serve for 6 months. • + Workers lived in camps and wore uniforms. • + Low pay. • + Had to take part in military drill and work. • Job Creation Scheme • + First spent billions on them. • + 1934-18.4billion • + 1939- 37.1billion • + Massive road building programme to provide Germany with 7,000km of motorway. • + Gave private firms some money- especially in the construction industry. • Invisible Unemployment • + Hid some figures to make unemployment rates look better. • + Didn’t include certain people: • - Jews who had been sacked from work • - Unmarried men under the age of 25 in the National Labour - Scheme • - Women who had been dismissed from work • - Women who left work to marry • Nazi opponents in concentration camps • + Figures included part-time workers as full-time employees. How Nazi Policies Affected Jewish People + Destruction of shops and businesses + Decrease in customers + Civil servants sacked + Banned from doing professional jobs + ‘Jude’ written on the windows of Jewish businesses to put people off + No Jews allowed to do Government jobs + No Jews in the army + Jews couldn’t vote + Had to register all of their possessions + ‘J’ on their passports + Councils banned them from certain places + Jewish children banned from schools and universities + School textbooks + teacher influences + No Jews allowed in restaurants + ‘Isreal’ put before Jewish mens’ names and ‘Sarah’ put before Jewish womens’ names The Nuremberg Laws: + No Jews allowed to be German citizens + German blood- German citizenship + No relationships allowed between Jews and non-Jews Deportation 1939: + Lots of people felt they needed to leave Germany because life was so bad + Germany made it very difficult to leave- took all of their possessions of them if they wanted to leave + Many were forced to leave to (people who the Nazis did not like) Kristallnacht ht ‘Night Of The Broken Glass + 9th November 1938 an angry young Jewish student shot a German diplomat in Paris. + As revenge, Nazi leaders encouraged people to attack German Jews and smash up their shops, homes and synagogues. + Police were told not to intervene. + 91 Jews were dead + Many streets littered with broken glass. + The following months: 30,000 Jews were arrested and sent to concentration camps- life was about to get a whole lot worse!

23. Other Groups Which Were Persecuted Sterilisation Law: + Allowed Nazis to sterilise (stop them from being able to have children) people with certain illnesses, like mental illnesses, hereditary diseases and physical disabilities. ‘Simple mindedness’ and ‘chronic alcoholism’. + 1934-1945: nearly 700,000 men and women compulsorily sterilised. Concentration Camps:+ ‘Undesirables’ sent to concentration camps + Prostitutes, homosexuals and juvenile delinquents + 1938: Gypsies, tramps and beggars added to the list Euthanasia Camps: + From 1939: Nazis started to secretly exterminate the mentally ill in the euthanasia campaigns. + Roughly 6,000 disabled babies, children and teenagers were murdered by starvation or lethal injection Gypsies + Around 30,000 in Germany + Disliked because they were non-Aryan, threat to racial purity, homeless and workshy + 1935: Nazis banned Germans and gypsies from marrying + 3 years later: Decree for the ‘Struggle against the Gypsy Plague’ was issued- All Gypsies had to register with authorities. Nazis wanted ideal Germans who were ‘socially useful’. They had a job and contributed to the state.