1 / 54

Extent of the Problem

Extent of the Problem. Overall, about half of initial pregnancies do not result in the birth of a healthy, normal child Developmental abnormalities are common: One in 33 born with major defect Minor anomalies in 14-22% Functional defects in about 5% of children

alaire
Download Presentation

Extent of the Problem

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Extent of the Problem • Overall, about half of initial pregnancies do not result in the birth of a healthy, normal child • Developmental abnormalities are common: • One in 33 born with major defect • Minor anomalies in 14-22% • Functional defects in about 5% of children • Role of environmental agents largely unknown, estimates of 3-50% of all birth defects due to environmental interaction

  2. Suspected Causes of Human Birth Defects

  3. Historic Events in Modern Teratology

  4. Historic Events in Modern Teratology

  5. Number of Chemicals Tested for Teratogenicity (Schardein, 2000)

  6. Radiation Therapeutic Radionuclide Atomic fallout Infection Rubella virus Cytomegalovirus Toxoplasmosis Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus Syphilis Parvovirus B-19 Varicella virus Maternal Trauma/Metabolic Imbalance Alcoholism Amniocentesis (early) CVS before day 60 Cretinism Diabetes Folic acid deficiency Hyperthermia Phenylketonuria Rheumatic disease Sjogren’s syndrome Virilizing tumors Human Developmental Toxicants I

  7. Drugs/Chemicals Androgens ACE inhibitors Enalapril, captopril Antibiotics Tetracycline Anticancer drugs Cycloposphamide, busulfan Anticonvulsants Diphenylhydantoin, trimethadione, valproic acid Antithyroid drugs Methimazole Chelators Penicillamine Chlorobiphenyls Cigarette smoke Cocaine Coumarin (warfarin) Ethanol Ethylene oxide Fluconazole Diethylstilbesterol Iodides Lithium Metals Hg, Pb Methylene blue Misoprostol Retinoids 13-cis retinoic acid, etretinate Thalidomide Toluene abuse Human Developmental Toxicants II

  8. Prenatal Exposures

  9. Critical Periods of Susceptibility (Wilson)

  10. CHD and Birth Weight

  11. Insulin Resistance and Birth Weight

  12. Transgenerational Effects of Vinclozolin (mice) (Anway et al., 2005)

  13. Transgenerational Effects of Vinclozolin (mice) (Anway et al., 2006)

  14. Fusion of Pronuclei

  15. 15-day embryo

  16. 18 Hr Chick Embryo

  17. Holoprosencephaly C57BL/6J mouse gd 18 Methanol gd 7

  18. Holoprosencephaly Cyclopic lamb born to a ewe feeding on Veratrum californicum (contains jervine) From Gilbert

  19. 1 2 3 4 5 B A TAs C D 1 4 5 1 * 2 6 5 * 2 3 6 E F 7 4 3 7

  20. 4th Week

  21. 1250 mg/kg Control 1000 mg/kg In vivo Antagonist on Day 8 Day 18 Fetuses

  22. Mandibular Vibrissae gd 14 1250 mg/kg L-754,142

More Related