The Circulatory System

1. The Circulatory System

2. Objectives: • Able to label the basic anatomy of the heart • Able to know the pathway of blood flow through the heart and the body • Distinguish between the different diseases and conditions associated with the cardiovascular system • Describe the diagnosis procedures, tests and surgeries associated with the cardiovascular system.

3. Components • Heart • Blood vessels • Blood

4. Heart • Is located in the chest/thoracic cavity • 3 layers of tissue surround the heart • Endocardium: inside layer • Myocardium: middle; the thick layer of musclewhose contractions cause blood to pump through the circulatory system • Pericardium: outside of heart; protective • Right and left sides are divided by a wall or septum • prevents mixing of “fresh,” oxygen-rich and “used,” oxygen-deficient blood

5. Components • Septum • Heart chambers • Valves • Tricuspid • Pulmonary • Mitral/ Bicuspid • Aortic

6. Has fourchambers right atrium 2. right ventricle 3. left atrium 4. left ventricle Heart How Blood Flows thru the Heart

7. Blood Vessels • Three types of vessels are used to move blood through the body in a closed system 1. arteries 2. capillaries 3. veins

8. 1. Arteries • functions to transport blood away from the heart to body tissues • all carry oxygen-rich blood, • one exception- the pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood from heart to lungs to receive new oxygen supply • Aorta- largest artery, branches into all other arteries Blood Vessels arteries = away from heart

9. 2. Capillaries • are the smallest blood vessels • are very narrow vessels • are only one cell layer thick; very thin • Connect arterioles to venules • Thin walls allow oxygen and nutrients to pass through to cells and wastes/ Co2 to enter into capillaries Blood Vessels

10. 3. Veins • function to transport circulated blood back to the heart • some contain one-way valves • are mostly located near skeletal muscles • movement aids in keeping blood circulating • Superior/ Inferior vena cava Blood Vessels veins = toward the heart

11. Blood Vessel Game

12. The Three Divisions: • Pulmonary circulation 2. Coronary Circulation 3. Systemic Circulation

13. Systemic Circulation • The transport of blood from the left side of the heart to all parts of the body and then back to the right side of the heart • Functions to supply blood and nutrients to all bodily tissues • Blood is carried away from the heart to tissues by the aorta • Contractions force blood out of heart into the aorta, which branches into many smaller arteries (arterioles)

14. Pulmonary Circulation • Is the cycle of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart • Blood containing waste materials is brought back to the heart by veins • Fresh blood is pumped out of the heart by arteries

16. Heart • Circulated blood enters heart through two large 1)vena cava veins and is deposited into the 2)right atrium • Right atrium contracts when filled with circulated blood, pushing blood (tricuspid valve) into the 3)right ventricle Systemic Circulation

17. Heart • Filled with blood, the right ventricle contracts pushing (pulmonary valve) blood into the 4) pulmonary artery toward the lungs • Carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange occurs in the 5) lungs and the “fresh,” oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart via 6)pulmonary veins Pulmonary Circulation

18. Heart • Upon return to the heart, “fresh” blood is pumped into the 7) left atrium via the pulmonary veins • Blood is then pushed into the 8)left ventricle through a one-way valve (mitral valve) • Contractions force the “fresh” blood to exit the left ventricle into the body through the 9)aorta (systemic circulation) (aortic valve) Systemic Circulation

19. Heart • Right side of the heart pumps oxygen-poor blood from the body to the lungs • Left side of the heart pumps oxygen-rich from the lungs to the body • as might be expected, the left side of the heart has a larger muscle mass • Should oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood mix, the body would be in serious danger

20. Circulation Song Rap Circulation Song

21. Coronary Circulation • The transport of blood from the left side of the heart to the actual heart tissue and back to the right side of the heart • Nourishment for the heart is provided through capillaries located throughout the heart • Blood and oxygen also must be supplied to the heart for it to remain functioning normally Aorta coronary arteries capillaries in myocardium coronary veins coronary sinus right atrium

22. Arteries Specialty Structures • Arteries innermost layer is very smooth, which allows blood to flow easily • Very muscular and elastic • Outermost layer is strong, allowing for high blood pressures • Only carry blood away from the heart Systemic Circulation

23. Cardiology Cardiology is the study of cardiovascular diseases and treatments. The physician who specializes in heart conditions is called a cardiologist.

24. Blood Pressure • As a result of heart contractions, blood is forced into blood vessels • this force is known as blood pressure • without pressure, there would be no circulation • Measured by two numbers • systolic- arterial pressure measured when ventricles contract • diastolic- arterial pressure measured when ventricles relax Do you know what the average adult’s blood pressure is? 120/80

25. Blood Pressure Blood pressure is checked with a stethoscope and a sphygmomanometer. “Normal” blood pressure is 120/80 High blood pressure is BP greater than 139/89

26. Cardiac (Heartbeat) Cycle • Diastole: brief period of rest • Systole: ventricular contraction • Right side blood in heart: low in O2 high in CO2 • Left side blood in heart: high in O2 low in CO2

27. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

28. ElectrocardiogramEKG, ECG An EKG is a tracing showing the electrical activity of the heart.

29. EKG-12 lead

30. EKG Findings A 12 lead EKG shows 12 views of the heart’s electrical activity. It shows the heart rate and rhythm and will show if the person has had a myocardial infarction previously.

31. Holter Monitor This is a portable EKG that is connected to the pt and left on for 24 hours.

32. Echocardiogram This is a test that records sound waves to show the structure and movement of the heart.

33. Echo

34. Reasons an Echo is done Abnormal heart valves Congestive heart failure Infection of the sac around the heart Heart murmurs Infection of the valves of the heart Looking for the source of a clot

35. Stress Test Stress tests can be done to determine if there is heart disease. Exercise stress test-Pt is connected to an EKG monitor and BP cuff and then walks on a treadmill. This is done to see how long the heart can tolerate exercise without a change in rhythm or without showing signs of ischemia (not enough blood flow to the heart).

36. Stress Test

37. Angiocardiography Injecting a dye and then performing x-rays. Called-angiogram, angiocardiogram, arteriogram, aortogram and veno-gram.

38. Cardiac Catheterization

39. Cardiac Catheterization Catheter is inserted through the femoral artery and advanced to the heart. During this procedure, the doctor can take blood samples, measurements, etc. Often an angiogram is done at the same time to check for blockage in the coronary arteries.

40. Diseases/ Abnormal Conditions THROMBUS: blood clot ANEURYSM: ballooning out of, or sac-like formation on an artery wall; if ruptures, could cause death Arrhythmias- abnormal heart rhythms; when something interferes with the normal electrical conduction pattern

41. Diseases/ Abnormal Conditions ARTERIOSCLEROSIS: ASVD, hardening or thickening of the arterial wall, resulting in loss of elasticity and contractibility - aging common cause - causes high blood pressure (hypertension) - lead to aneurysm ATHEROSCLEROSIS: fatty plaque deposited on walls of arteries, narrowing the opening, reducing or eliminating blood flow Angioplasty: used to remove or compress the deposits, or insert a stent (pg. 187

42. Diseases/ Abnormal Conditions Congestive Heart Failure: CHF, heart muscles do not adequately beat to supply the blood needs of the body. HEMOPHILIA: inherited disease that occurs almost exclusively in males. Blood is unable to clot! Hypertension: High blood pressure Hypotension: Low blood pressure

43. Diseases/ Abnormal Conditions MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: Heart Attack! Acute Coronary Syndrome: suspected of having myocardial ischemia PHLEBITIS: inflammation of a vein, usually leg. Thrombus- blood clot VARICOSE VEINS: gnarled (rough), dilated veins that have lost elasticity and cause stasis, or decreased blood flow.

44. Signs and Symptomsof a Myocardial Infarction Chest pain-may be described as severe, crushing pain Pain may radiate down the left arm, neck and jaw May complain of pressure in the chest Sweaty-diaphoretic Shortness of breath Nausea and/or vomiting

45. Myocardial Infarction Otherwise known as a “heart attack” A heart attack occurs when a blockage in the coronary arteries cuts off the supply of blood to the heart. Heart tissue supplied by that coronary artery dies-this is known as an infarct.

46. Myocardial Infarction

47. Treatment Get the person to the hospital as soon as possible! The first hour is the most critical. If heart stops-CPR should be started Immediate treatment would be “clot-busting” drugs

48. Risk factors for developing Heart disease Smoking or long term exposure to 2nd hand smoke Poor diet Stress Diabetes Hypertension High cholesterol or triglycerides Age-men over 45 and women over 55 Family history of heart disease Lack of physical activity

49. Congestive Heart Failure CHF-inability of the heart to pump enough blood out when the heart muscles do not beat adequately; collection of fluid in the lungs results. Signs and symptoms-edema (swelling), difficulty breathing, pallor or cyanosis, neck vein distension, weak rapid pulse, and a cough accompanied by pink, frothy sputum.

50. Cardiomyopathy • Cardiomyopathy is a weakening of the heart muscle or a change in heart muscle structure. It is often associated with inadequate heart pumping or other heart function problem.