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Anatomy & Physiology I

Anatomy & Physiology I. Directional Terms Systems of the Body Dr. Michael P. Gillespie. Definitions. Anatomy – Deals with the structure of body parts – their forms and relationships . Physiology – Deals with the functions of body parts – what they do and how they do it.

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Anatomy & Physiology I

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  1. Anatomy & Physiology I Directional Terms Systems of the Body Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  2. Definitions • Anatomy – Deals with the structure of body parts – their forms and relationships. • Physiology – Deals with the functions of body parts – what they do and how they do it. • Dissection – The careful cutting apart of body parts to see their relationships.

  3. Levels of Body Organization • Chemical level • Cellular level • Tissue level • Organ level • System level • Organism

  4. Chemical Level • Atoms – smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions. • Molecules – two or more atoms joined together.

  5. Cellular Level • Molecules combine to form cells. • Cells are the basic structural and functional units of an organism. • Cells are the smallest living units in the human body. • Cells are made up of organelles.

  6. Tissues • Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function. • 4 basic types of tissues in the human body: • Epithelial tissue • Connective tissue • Muscle tissue • Nervous tissue

  7. Organs • Composed of two or more tissues that work together to perform specific functions. • Usually have recognizable shapes.

  8. System Level • A system consists of related organs that have a common function. • Sometimes an organ is part of more than one system. • There are eleven systems in the human body.

  9. Integumentary System Muscular System Skeletal System Nervous System Endocrine System Lymphatic and Immune System Cardiovascular System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Reproductive Systems Organ Systems

  10. Integumentary System • Components – Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands. • Functions – Protects the body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates wastes; makes vitamin D; detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold.

  11. Muscular System • Components – Muscles, tendons. • Functions – Produces body movements, such as walking; stabilizes body position (posture); generates heat

  12. Skeletal System • Components – Bones, joints, associated cartilages. • Functions – Supports and protects the body; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids.

  13. Nervous System • Components – Brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs (I.e. eyes and ear). • Functions – Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in the body’s internal and external environments, interprets these changes, and responds causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.

  14. Endocrine System • Components – Hormone producing glands and hormone producing cells. • Functions – Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers) transported in blood from an endocrine gland to a target organ.

  15. Lymphatic and Immune System • Components – Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils. • Functions – Returns proteins and fluids to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; includes structures that generate lymphocytes (protect against disease-causing organisms).

  16. Cardiovascular System • Components – Blood, heart, and blood vessels. • Functions – Heart pumps blood through vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells; regulates acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; components defend against disease.

  17. Respiratory System • Components – Lungs, air passageways such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes. • Functions – Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon-dioxide from blood to exhaled air; regulates acid-base balance, air flowing out through vocal cords produces sounds.

  18. Digestive System • Components – Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and anus (organs of GI tract); salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas (accessory organs). • Functions – Physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients, eliminates solid wastes.

  19. Urinary System • Components – Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra. • Functions – Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes; regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; maintains acid-base balance; maintains mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells.

  20. Reproductive Systems • Components – Gonads (testes in males, ovaries in females), associated organs (uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in females and epididymis, ductus deferens, and penis in males). • Functions – Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes); gonads release hormones.

  21. Non-invasive techniques to assess body structure and function • Palpation – the examiner feels the body with the surface of the hands. • Auscultation – the examiner listens to the body sounds to evaluate functioning of certain organs. • Percussion – the examiner taps on the body surface with fingertips and listens to the resulting echo.

  22. Basic Life Processes • Metabolism • Responsiveness • Movement • Growth • Differentiation • Reproduction

  23. Metabolism • The sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body. • Catabolism – The breaking down of complex chemical substances into simpler ones. • Anabolism – The building up of complex chemical substances from simpler ones.

  24. Responsiveness • The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes in its internal and external environment.

  25. Movement • Motion of the whole body. • Motion of individual organs. • Motion of Single cells. • Motion of structures inside cells.

  26. Growth • Growth is an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, the number of cells, or both. • A tissue can increase in size due to an increase in the amount of material between cells (I.e. bone tissue).

  27. Differentiation • Differentiation is a process a cell undergoes to develop from an unspecialized to a specialized state. • Each type of cell has a specialized structure and function. • Stem cells can divide and give rise to progeny that undergo differentiation.

  28. Reproduction • The formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement. • The formation of new cells for the production of a new individual organism (through fertilization of an ovum by a sperm cell.

  29. Anatomical Terminology • Body Positions • Regional Names • Directional Terms • Planes and Sections • Body Cavities

  30. Body Positions • Anatomical Position • The subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing forward. The feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the arms are at the sides with the palms turned forward. • Prone – body lying face down. • Supine – body lying face up.

  31. Supine & Prone

  32. Lateral Recumbent

  33. Fowler’s & Trendelenberg

  34. Abduction & Adduction

  35. Flexion & Extension

  36. Medial & Lateral Rotation

  37. Supination & Pronation

  38. Regional Names • Regions can be identified externally. • Principal regions: • Head (cephalic) • Neck (cervical) • Trunk • Upper limb • Lower limb

  39. Directional Terms • Superior (cephalic or cranial) and inferior (caudal). • Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal). • Medial and lateral. • Intermediate • Ipsilateral and contralateral. • Proximal and distal. • Superficial and deep.

  40. Planes and Sections • Sagittal Plane – vertical plane – divides body into right and left. • Midsaggital or median plane – equal parts • Parasaggital plane – unequal parts • Frontal or coronal – divides body into anterior and posterior parts • Transverse plane – divides body into superior and inferior parts • Oblique plane – angle • Section – one flat surface of a 3-D structure

  41. Body Cavities • Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs. • Two major cavities are the dorsal and ventral body cavities.

  42. Dorsal Body Cavity • Located near the dorsal (posterior) surface of the body. • Subdividions • Cranial cavity • Vertebral (spinal) canal • Meninges

  43. Ventral Body Cavity • Located near the ventral (anterior) aspect of the body. • Subdivisions • Thoracic cavity • Abdominopelvic cavity • Diaphragm • Viscera

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