THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

1. THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR 1861-1865

2. Julia Ward an American writer who was in washington to see the troops. She heard the Union Soldiers singing a song, “John Brown’s Body,” which was one of the units walking songs. That night she stayed at the Willard hotel and dreamt of a new fighting song. She woke up and wrote it down and this song became the “Battle Hymn of the Republic” Howe would have assumed that the John Brown of the song was the famous abolitionist. But the song belonged to a young Scotsman in the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia who shared Brown's name. -they would say “his soul is marching on” to tease him but it was catchy and many started referring to the brown from harpers ferry when singing it Battle hymn of the republic http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uFh0oy6vIt4&feature=related words to the song http://specialneedsinmusic.com/folk_song_pages/battle_hymn.html John Browns Body http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSSn3NddwFQ words to the song http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/johnbrown/brownbody.html

3. Fort Sumter • Location: an island off of Charleston Harbor, South Carolina • Occupied by Union troops • Troops sent ships for supplies but were fired on by Confeds • Asked for supplies from the federal gov • Lincoln faced a dilemma: • appearing as an aggressor against the South • maintaining federal property. • He chose to send food but not soldiers or arms.

4. War Begins • April 10, before the food arrived Pres. Davis ordered General Beauregard to demand Fort Sumter to surrender, if refused, take by force • April 12, 1861 General Anderson refused • After 34hrs of bombardment Anderson surrendered

5. Lincoln declares War • April 19, 1861, by firing on federal property, the southern states forced Lincoln to declare war. • Lincoln called for volunteers to fight the seceding states.

6. South Reacts to declaration of war • Southerners saw Lincoln’s action as an act of war. The Upper South states of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas seceded and joined the Confederacy, while the Border States(MD, KY, Missouri, DE) remained uncommitted to either side * * * *

7. The Union and Confederacy After the surrender of Fort Sumter, more states joined the Confederacy, making it one of the largest democracies in the world.

8. The Civil War: Union vs Confederacy

9. Confederate Union

10. The first States secede

11. North vs. South

12. North vs. South

13. Union Military Strategies Union commanders wanted a military blockade of seceded states. They hoped to gain control of the Mississippi River. They planned to cut the Confederacy in two, along the Mississippi River. Confederate War Strategies Jefferson Davis hoped that Lincoln would let the Confederacy go in peace. The South planned for a war of attrition. Tactics and Technology Outdated muskets were replaced with more accurate rifles. Artillery improved with the invention of shells, devices that exploded in the air. Artillery often fired canisters, special shells filled with bullets. PreparingforWarMilitaryStrategies

14. Scott’s Snake 1) blockade of the Southern seaports 2) Take control of the Mississippi River 3) To capture of Richmond, VA, the capital of the Confederacy.

15. TheFirst Battle of Bull Run • The first major battle of the Civil War ended in a victory for the Confederacy. • A turning point in attitudes: this war may not be as short as they thought. • Location: Bull Run Creek-near Manassas, VA • Union General Irvin McDowell and his poorly prepared army, men who volunteered for 90 days) marched into VA July 16, 1861. • Objective: Cut Rail Road tie in Manassas • Approximately 35,000 troops were involved on each side. • The Union suffered about 2,900 casualties, the military term for those killed, wounded, captured, or missing in action. • Confederate casualties were fewer than 2,000.

16. 1. Grant’s forces stationed in Pudacah, KY. - Feb 1862 went along TN river with over 1500 troops and steam powered gun boats. -Took over Fort Henry and Donelson which protected the TN and Cumberland rivers-import water routes to the confederacy. -Grant and 42000 troops pushed farther along the TN river to threaten Mississippi and AL 2. Grant’s men headed to Corinth and set up in Shiloh Church where Confed gen Johnston and troops fought hard. Bloodiest war - Grant won War in the West ***Port Hudson and Vicksburg were the two major posts standing in between the Union and splitting the Confed in half by controlling the Mississippi

17. War in the East http://civilwaranimated.com/PeninsulaAnimation.html Go to the following website and take notes on what occurred during the Peninsular Campaign. There will be questions you will have to answer when you have completed this. You will not be able to go back to this website once the 25min are up You have 25min to take notes and 15min to answer the questions! Good luck!!!

18. The Peninsular Campaign • Peninsular Campaign: While • Confeds were in Manassas Union • Commander, General McClellan had a • plan: To take his 121,500 troops by • Boat to the tip of the York-James • Peninsula by sea, then fight their way • west to Richmond. • Initiate the Anaconda Plan:blockade • All Confed ports • The Peninsular Campaign began in March 1862 - more than seven months after McClellan took command

19. The Peninsular CampaignConfeds strike the Anaconda! • Cautious McClellan took too long to act and Confeds were catching up • Confed used a damaged Union gunboat called the USS Merimack and covered it with iron plates. • March 8, 1862 they launched what they called the CSS Virginia who sinks 2 ships and runs one into shallow water

20. The Peninsular CampaignCSS Virginia Returns March 9, 1862 • The CSS Virginia is met by an odd looking ship, the USS Monitor • The Monitor defeats the Merrimack aka CSS Virginia!

21. The Peninsular Campaign The Monitor and the Merrimack 14min 08 sec left-19:21 Who invented the Merrimack? Describe the Merrimack: Who would build the Monitor? How would the Monitor defeat the Merrimack? The battle between the Ironclads: Watch Ken Burns Civil War Series Episode 2 http://movies.netflix.com/WiPlayer?strkid=1884343432_20_2&trkid=496833&fdvd=true&strackid=6eaa3979b273eec2_20_srl&movieid=70202577#MovieId=70202577&EpisodeMovieId=70135310

22. McClellan Sends his troops • McClellan and his troops head to the Peninsula while the Confederate General, Stonewall Jackson defeats the Union troops in Northern VA. • Once they head up to Yorktown, McClellan believes there are many more Confed troops then there really are and takes time to prepare a siege instead of acting fast

23. Getting close to Richmond! • Confeds leave Yorktown to team up with Gen Johnston’s troops and they head for Richmond with McClellan following from behind • Once close to Richmond both sides build fortifications • McClellan thinks like usual he is outnumbered when it is really 105,000 to Johnston’s 50,000-wants a war of attrition • Johnston knows he is outnumbered and won’t survive so he prepares to take the offensive

24. The Peninsular CampaignThe Battle of Seven PinesMay 31, 1862 • Johnston’s sees McClellan’s army is split up by the Chickahominy River • He attacks the side with the least amount of troops • Plan blows up: one general sleeps in, Johnston gets wounded, many casualities on both sides(>1000 per side). • This began the Seven Days Battle and the start of the Confederates fighting an offensive war.

25. The Peninsular Campaign Impact of the Battle of Seven Pines The Seven Days Battles Confederate Army led by Lee were now fighting an Offensive and were able to push McClellan and his men out of the region McClellan retreats July 2, 1862 • This began the Seven Days Battle and the start of the Confederates fighting an offensive war • Lee takes command • Stonewall Jackson emerges

26. Second Battle of Bull Run • As McClellan’s army moves to Washington, once retreating from the Peninsula Campaign • General Pope is put in charge coming from Washington and heading to Manassas. • McClellan’s army coming from the South • Before McClellan’s men go their, the Confeds took control of the supplies in Manassas and defeated Pope • MCClellan back in charge

27. The South AttacksThe Battle of Antietam • With Richmond no longer threatened, Lee’s Confederate forces invaded the North . • The Union army learned of General Lee’s strategy, which was to threaten both Washington and Baltimore in order to force the Union to split • On September 17, 1862, the two armies met at Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland. • The Union forces had more than 75,000 troops, with nearly 25,000 in reserve. The Confederate forces numbered about 40,000. • Lee’s men retreated and McClelland did not follow • By the day’s end, the Union casualties numbered more than 12,000. The Confederate casualties were nearly 14,000, more than a third of the entire army. • The Battle of Antietam became the bloodiest day of the Civil War.

28. The Confederate Government Called for a draft, or required military service, of three years for all white males 18-35 ( which eventually went up to age 50) Took control of Economy: How much would be produced and farmers would give 1/10 of production to war Controlled railrds Authorized the army to seize male slaves for military labor States’ Rights Advocates Claimed that a draft violated states’ rights. Almost 25 percent of men eligible for the draft refused Resented the borrowing of slaves for the army because it disrupted work on their plantations, even though they received a monthly fee Politics in the South

29. Politics in the North The Union Government • Shut down opposition newspapers • Since Border States were an issue (DE, MD. Missouri, and KY) b/c they remained apart from the Union and Lincoln needed them, he: • Prevented Maryland’s secession by arresting all disloyal members of the legislature • Put Kentucky under martial law to prevent its secession. Martial law is an emergency rule during which some guarantees under the Bill of Rights are suspended. • Suspended the writ of habeas corpus, which protects people from unlawful imprisonment, to ensure loyalty to the Union • 13,000 Americans against Amer policies were imprisoned without trial during the Civil War • Created a national currency, called greenbacks. This paper money was not backed by gold, but it was declared to be acceptable as legal payment.

30. Emancipation and the War • On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln issued the final Emancipation Proclamation. • The Emancipation Proclamation freed all of the slaves in states under Confederate control. • did not bring an immediate end to slavery, it promised that enslaved people would be free when the North won the war. • Abolitionists felt like it didn’t go fair enough: didn’t free slaves in border states or in Confederate areas controlled by the Union • Fear of unemployment rose with northerners • The most significant reaction to the proclamation came from Europe. Europeans felt very strongly about ending slavery and the Emancipation Proclamation ended any chance that France and Great Britain would aid the Confederates.

31. 2 immediate effects of the Proclamation • 1-Many southern slaves who heard about it freed themselves by escaping to the protection of Union troops • 2- Encouraged African Americans to join the army • How would the Union protect slaves? • Union General Butler said that slaves captured by the Union army were contraband, it was accepted that during war, if property was seized from one side by the enemy, then it became the enemy’s property. • If slaves were property then they were also contraband! • Congress authorized Lincoln to accept African Americans into the military after McClellan’s defeat in Virginia, July, 1862. • By 1865, nearly 180,000 African Americans had enlisted in the Union army.

32. 54thMassachusetts Infantry Regiment • An all African American Regiment besides a few senior officers • Led by General Robert Shaw • Proved to be good soldiers • July 18. 1863 got control of Fort Wagner, which guarded the entrance to the harbor of Charleston, SC • Shaw was killed and William Carney grabbed the American flag and took lead. He was hit 3 times and never dropped their flag. • the first AfAmer troop to receive a Congressional Medal of honor.

33. Glory-Fort Wagner Battle • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22AKunA1_Bw&feature=related • Denzel is Carney

34. The Southern Economy • Many planters refused to grow food instead of cotton. • Due to the Union blockade, cotton piled up in warehouses while food riots erupted in Southern cities. • Even though production increased, the South was never able to provide all the goods its army needed. • Labor shortages and a lack of goods contributed to inflation. • Women filled many of the factory jobs. • Profiteers=people who buy a lot of something in the beginning of the war and hold it until there was no more and everyone had to buy it from them. They would then sell it at a high price.

35. The Hardships of WarThe Northern Economy • Northern farms and factories produced almost all of the goods needed by the army and civilian populations. • Women filled critical jobs in factories and on farms. • Profiteers paid women lower wages than male workers and sold inferior products at inflated prices.

36. http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/11andersonville/11locate1.htmPrisonshttp://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/11andersonville/11locate1.htmPrisons North’s prison camps • Captured Confederate troops sent to prison camps • Point Lookout in MD or Point Chase in Ohio * * *

37. South’s prison camps • Andersonville(Camp Sumter) is the most notorious-a field in GA • Built to hold 10,000 but held 35,000 Northerners in a fenced 26acre open area. • 100 prisoners died a day from starvation or exposure to disease • The camp’s commander, Captain Henry Wirz, was the only Confederate to be tried of war crimes, convicted and hung

38. The Hardships of WarMedical Care • Approximately 25 percent of Civil War soldiers did not survive the war. Disease killed many of them. • Poor nutrition and contaminated foods led to dysentery and typhoid fever. • Malaria and pneumonia • A Union soldier was three times more likely to die in camp or in a hospital than he was to be killed on the battlefield. • 1 in 5 died at the hospital. Instrument weren’t sterilized • Some 4,000 women served as nurses for the Union army. By the end of the war, nursing was no longer only a man’s profession.

39. The Tide of War Turns • What was the importance of Lee’s victories at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville? • How did the Battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg turn the tide of the war? • Why was 1863 a pivotal year? • What is the message of the Gettysburg Address?

40. Battle UnionOfficer Confederate Officer Victor/ Why Fredericksburg Burnside Lee South/Burnside crossed right in front of Lee’s army; kept charging into gunfire. Chancellorsville Hooker Lee/Jackson South/Lee split his army and sent Jackson around to attack; surprised Hooker; Jackson died after the battle. Gettysburg Hooker Lee/Longstreet/ Pickett North/General Pickett charged the Union unsuccessfully. Confederates lost more than a third of their troops. Vicksburg Grant Pemberton North/Union army laid siege to Vicksburg. Confederate army surrendered. Major Battles of 1863 Chapter 11, Section 3

41. War in the West Chapter 11, Section 3

42. The Importance of 1863 Chapter 11, Section 3 On July 4, 1863: • 30,000 Confederate troops defending Vicksburg laid down their arms and surrendered. • Former slaves celebrated Independence Day for the first time. • Four days later, the Mississippi River was in the hands of the Union army, effectively cutting the Confederacy in two.

43. The Gettysburg Address Chapter 11, Section 3 • On November 19, 1863, some 15,000 people gathered at Gettysburg to honor the Union soldiers who had died there just four months before. • President Lincoln delivered a two-minute speech which became known as the Gettysburg Address. • He reminded people that the Civil War was being fought to preserve a country that upheld the principles of freedom, equality, and self-government. • The Gettysburg Address has become one of the best-loved and most-quoted speeches in the English language. It expresses grief at the terrible cost of war and the importance of preserving the Union.

44. Devastation and New Freedom Chapter 11, Section 4 • What was General Grant’s strategy for defeating the South, and how did he and General Sherman implement it? • What were the issues and results of the election of 1864? • How was the South finally defeated on the battlefield? • How and why did John Wilkes Booth assassinate President Lincoln?

45. Grant Takes Command Chapter 11, Section 4 The Battles • In an effort to exhaust the Confederate troops, General Grant headed toward Richmond with some 115,000 troops. • In May and June of 1864, the Union and Confederate armies clashed in three major battles: • The Battle of the Wilderness began on May 5, 1864. The armies met in a dense forest in a battle that lasted two days. • May 8, 1864, the Confederates caught up with the Union army near Spotsylvania Court House. The fighting that took place over nearly two weeks is called the Battle of Spotsylvania. • In early June, the armies clashed again at the Battle of Cold Harbor, just eight miles from Richmond.

46. The Siege of Petersburg Chapter 11, Section 4 • Unable to reach Richmond or defeat Lee’s army, Grant moved around the capital and attacked Petersburg. • He knew that if he could cut off shipments of food to Richmond, the city would have to surrender. • The attack on Petersburg failed, and Grant’s army suffered some 65,000 casualties. • Grant then turned to the tactic of siege that he had used in Vicksburg. On June 18, 1864, Grant began the siege of Petersburg.

47. Sherman Marches to the Sea Chapter 11, Section 4 • In early September, the Confederate army was forced to leave Atlanta. • General Sherman vowed to “make Georgia howl.” Sherman ordered Atlanta evacuated and burned. He left the city in ruins. • He led some 62,000 soldiers on a march to the sea to capture Savannah. • On December 21, 1864, the Union army entered Savannah without a fight. • Sherman’s message to Lincoln read: “I beg to present you, as a Christmas gift, the city of Savannah.”

48. Abraham Lincoln Republicans changed their party name to the Union Party. Dropped Vice President Hannibal Hamlin from the ticket. Replaced Hamlin with Andrew Johnson of Tennessee. Johnson was a Democrat and a pro-Union Southerner. Sherman’s capture of Atlanta showed the North that victory was near. In November, Lincoln won an easy victory. George McClellan Democrats nominated General George McClellan. McClellan was happy to oppose Lincoln, who had twice fired him. McClellan was still admired and respected by his soldiers. Lincoln feared that McClellan would find wide support among the troops. McClellan promised that if elected he would negotiate an end to the war. The Election of 1864 Chapter 11, Section 4

49. A New Birth of Freedom Chapter 11, Section 4 • The Thirteenth Amendment was ratified by the states and became law in December 1865. “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” • Lincoln noted in his Second Inaugural Address that slavery had divided the nation, but he also laid the groundwork to “bind up the nation’s wounds.”

50. Surrender at Appomattox Chapter 11, Section 4 • On April 2, 1865, Lee tried to slip around Grant’s army. He planned to unite his troops with those of General Johnston. Lee hoped that together they would be able to continue the war. • On April 9, 1865, Lee’s forces came to the Virginia town of Appomattox Court House. They were surrounded by a much larger Union force. • Lee’s officers suggested that the army could scatter and continue to fight as guerrillas—soldiers who use surprise raids and hit-and-run tactics. Lee rejected this idea. • That afternoon Generals Lee and Grant met in a private home. Lee surrendered, and the two men signed the surrender papers.