Feminism: the belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men

1. Feminism:the belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3YA13GNT8Mc&feature=related

2. Bra burning, hairy legs, militant, anti-feminine, female supremists, he-woman types, lesbians, dykes, man-haters, man-bashers, femi-nazi, angry, radical – The F-Word; negative connotations of Feminism Do you: • Want equal rights? • Want equal pay for equal work? • Want equal opportunities? • Want to end violence toward women? • Not want to be judged by polarized gender roles? • Want control over your own body? • Want to end sexism no matter how ingrained it is? Then … chances are, you support Feminism Leslie Knope’s “I’m just a girl” rant on Hulu, which calls out just about every gender stereotype http://www.hulu.com/watch/110482 1:30

3. Feminism is a social theory and political movement about the experiences of women. • Focuses on gender inequality and promotion of women's rights • All these are Feminist issues: reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, sexual violence, sexual harassment, discrimination, stereotyping, sexual objectification, oppression, patriarchy. • Modern feminist theory usually associated with Western middle-class academia. But Feminist activism crosses class and race boundaries: genital mutilation in Sudan or glass ceiling in U.S. • Some issues, such as rape, incest, mothering, are universal.

4. History of Feminism • Puritans = wife is subordinate to husband, raise God-fearing children • 1700s – Abigail Adams “Remember the ladies … Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands.”

5. History of Feminism • 1800s -- Be pious, pure, and submissive to men = “the natural state" of womanhood • Wife = “cultivator of morality” for husband and children • true fulfillment to be found in these values • Cult of True Womanhood or the Cult of Domesticity.

6. 3 Waves of Feminism • 1st: challenging laws restricting women (primarily suffrage) • 2nd: 1960s – economic equality, minority rights • “Ms.” “herstory,” “womyn,” “wimmin,” “womban,” “ovester” • 3rd: 1990s – challenging common definitions of gender and sexuality

7. 1st Wave • 18th Amendment • Women’s Christian Temperance Union, Frances Willard, Carrie Nation • 19th Amendment • Susan Anthony, Cary Chapman Catt, Alice Paul, World War I • Social • Margaret Sanger, flappers, Clara Bow “the `It’ Girl,” girl Fridays, Emily Post, Georgia O’Keefe

8. Florence Kelly Frances Willard

15. Iron Jawed Angels • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lvqnjwKW7gA 4:30 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qx9iSnmdTZA 10 mins

17. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire • Part I: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owk_LE1GcKY • Part II: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jL_U4pGdTV0&feature=relmfu

19. 2nd Wave • Famous feminists • The Pill • Playgirl • Equal Pay Act • Title IX and Education Equity Act • Pregnancy Discrimination Act • Leave it to Beaver and Father Knows Best • William’s Doll and Free to be … You and Me

20. Famous Feminists • Simone de Beauvoir – The Second Sex analyzed women’s oppression • break assumptions that women = “deviations,” “abnormality” • Betty Friedan – “the problem with no name” • The Feminine Mystique: the stifling role of homemaker • Co-founder and 1st president of NOW • Gloria Steinem – Ms. Magazine • Infamous undercover expose as Playboy bunny • "A woman without a man is like a fish without a bicycle" • Naomi Wolf – The Beauty Myth • Fashion and beauty industries exploit women • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dyLSstqMvH8&feature=feedrec_grec_index

21. Gloria Steinem Activist and founder of Ms. Magazine

25. Betty Friedan: “The Mother of Modern Feminism” “The Problem that Has No Name” (1963)

26. NOW: National Organization for Women (1966) Goals: -more child care facilities -improved educational opportunities for women -bans on discrimination in job ads and hiring practices

28. “The Pill” (1960) Allowed women greater reproductive freedom Early on, access was limited to married women only in many states  “Sexual Revolution”

29. Sexual Revolution • Henry Miller: writer who challenged cultural values and moral attitudes • Publication of his Tropic of Cancer in U.S. led to obscenity trials that test laws on pornography • ’64, Supreme Court ruled against the charges of obscenity • Represented one of the notable events of the “sexual revolution”

30. Memoirs vs. Massachusetts (1966) • Supreme Court invalidated a Massachusetts court decision that found the 1750 book Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (commonly known as Fanny Hill) obscene • A book cannot be declared obscene unless it if found to be “utterly without redeeming social value”

31. Presidential Commission on the Status of Women (1961) Women were paid far less than men, even when doing the same jobs Women were seldom promoted to management positions, regardless of their education, experience, and ability

32. Pregnancy Discrimination Act (1978) • Banned: • not hiring pregnant women or women likely to become pregnant • -firing pregnant women • -firing women on maternity leave • -docking or lowering pay for pregnant women

35. 2nd Wave, continued • Lucille Ball • “Guidelines for Teenage Girl” from Home Ec textbook • Sex and the Single Girl • Mini-skirt • Protesting Miss America pageant • ERA • Phyllis Schlafly • Integrating “boys’ clubs”: military, NASA, Supreme Court

36. The Bikini • Invented by French engineer Louis Réard  in 1946 • Named it after Bikini Atoll, the site of Operation Crossroads (4th A-bomb) in July `46. • The new, controversial swimwear would create a “burst of excitement like a nuclear device”. • Earlier, French one-piece suit was called “the Atome”; Réard claimed to have "split the Atome" Michelle Bernardini  in the first bikini, 1946

37. Top Bikinis in Pop Culture Brian Hyland's hit "Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weenie Yellow Polka Dot Bikini" became a Billboard No. 1 hit during the summer of 1960. The song — about a young girl who is too shy to wear her new bikini on the beach Annette Funicello in Beach Party Honey Ryder in Dr. No Raquel Welch in One Million Years B.C. 1st swimsuit issue, 1964

38. Mini-Skirt • Mary Quant ran a popular clothes shop in London, selling her own designs. In the late 1950s she began experimenting with shorter skirts, culminating in the miniskirt in 1965. • Spread beyond the “Swinging London” of the 60s into a major international trend

39. Miss America Pageant - 1968

41. Equal Right Amendment (E.R.A.) (1972) Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

42. Phyllis Schlafly – STOP E.R.A. The ERA is the work of radical feminists who “hate men, marriage, and children” and whose oppression existed “only in their distorted minds.” • Women like Schlafly feared: • ERA would result in a female draft • ERA would result in the breakdown of the family • ERA would enable husbands to leave wives without $$ support • ERA would lead to the elimination of separate bathrooms and other public facilities

43. 3rd Wave • Backlash: The Undeclared War Against Women • Anita Hill • “Year of the Woman – 1992” (Janet Reno, Madeline Albright) • Naomi Wolf and The Beauty Myth • Feminist media products (Bridget Jones’ Diary, Sex and the City, Murphy Brown, and Ally McBeal) • Violence Against Women Act • Take Our Daughters to Work Day • Glass Ceiling Commission

44. Naomi Wolf • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cCQI-ougLsg 5:10

46. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmifO2sKT7g&feature=related Submissive and docile housewife

47. The Legacy of Women’s Rights

48. Feminism music video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qAsMF2knxq8

50. Aristotle (300s B.C.) • women and children: neither developed rationality – keep out of public life – men should rule over both – “woman is a defective man” (Freud: females are defective males: “lack penises”) • women’s role in conception: supply the “flower pot”