Raise the awareness of Pragmatic Competence:

1. Raise the awareness of Pragmatic Competence: compliment Presenter: Cathy, Vicky and Austin

2. What is • pragmatic competence?

3. Anexample • When A says the following utterance, what will you respond? Do you think it is a statement? • A: I forgot to take my jacket.B:______________________

4. A: I forgot to take my jacket.B: Do you want me to close the window ?

5. So what’s pragmatic competence? • Beyond knowledge of grammar, what are the other important things communicators should know in communication?

6. “Chomsky accepts that language is used purposefully; indeed, in later writings he introduced the term pragmatic competence--knowledge of how language is related to the situation in which it is used. • Pragmatic competence 'places language in the institutional setting of its use, relating intentions and purposes to the linguistic means at hand' • (Chomsky, 1980a, p. 225).

7. Pragmatic competence is defined as the ability to communicate effectively and involves knowledge beyondthe level of grammar • (Thomas 1983).

8. What’s the relationship betweengrammaticalcompetence andpragmatic competence?

9. "It may be possible to have grammatical competence without pragmatic competence. • Eg. • A schoolboy in a novel Vintage Stuff (Sharpe, 1982) takes everything that is said literally; when asked to turn over a new leaf, he digs up the headmaster's camellias. • But knowledge of language use is different from knowledge of language itself; pragmatic competence is not linguistic competence.

10. Reference: • (V.J. Cook and M. Newson, Chomsky's Universal Grammar: An Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell, 1996)

11. Can Pragmatic Competence Be Taught?

12. No. • Competence, whether linguistic or pragmatic, is not teachable. • Competence is a type of knowledge that learners possess, develop, acquire, use or lose. • The challenge for foreign or second language teaching is whether we can arrange learning opportunities in such a way that they benefit the development of pragmatic competence in L2.

13. ways to promote pragmaticawareness • encourage learners to think about how a particular speech act differs in their own language. • encourage students to collect both written and spoken examples, as well as naturally occurring data or from film and television data. • …..

14. Raise the awareness of pragmatic competence--- take compliment as example

15. Complimenting Questions: • Do you like to compliment people? If yes, in what situations? • Do you like to hear other people compliment you? And whose compliments do you want to hear the most? • Why do people compliment?

16. Social functions of compliments • Creating or reinforcing solidarity • Greeting people • Expressing thanks or congratulations • Encouraging people • Softening criticism • Starting a conversation • Overcoming embarrassment

17. Discussion • What do people usually compliment on? • How does people’s status and age determine the forms of compliment? • Are there gendered differences in complimenting?

18. Formula of compliments in American English Three predominant patterns : • Np + is / look (really) + Adj. (53%) Your blouse looks beautiful. • I (really) like / love + Np. (16.2%) I really like your hardwood floors. • Pron. + is really (a) + Adj. + Np. (14.9％) That’s really a beautiful car.

19. The majority of English compliments contain one of a highly restricted set of adjectives (80%) and verbs (16%). • Five most frequently used adjectives:nice, good, beautiful, pretty, great • Four most frequently used verbs: like, love, is, look

20. Differences between Chinese and English compliments • frequency • word choices • sentence structure • ways of response

21. Response formulas Acceptance vs. self-effacing 1. A: You look terrific today! B1: Yes, it’s the new me! B2: 哪里，哪里。 2. A: You did a beautiful job. B1: Of course, what did you expect? B2: 这不算什么，还差的远呢。

22. Compliment responses—beyond “Thank you” a. –I really like your hair that way. -Thank you. b. –Super shot! -Thanks, it was a lucky one. c. –You’re doing so well. -Aren’t I? d. –Gosh, you have such a beautiful garden. -It’s given us a lot of pleasure. e. –You’re really a skilled sailor. -This boat virtually sails itself. f. –You sound really good today. -I’m just following your lead.

23. g. –Your report comes out very well. - But I need to redo some figures. h. –I really like this soup. -I’m a great cook. i. –That’s a wonderful piece of work. -What? Are you kidding? j. –Oh, this house is adorable. -Well, it’s really small, though. k. –You look terrific tonight, Mary! -Flattery will get you nowhere, Mr. Jackson. l. -I really like the way you play the piano. I heard something there I’d never heard before. - Well, they just come from sitting and practicing.

24. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QShPNcjgtfs free compliment • http://www.videojug.com/film/how-to-give-and-receive-compliments how to give and receive compliment in English • http://www.howcast.com/videos/236732-How-To-Compliment-a-Woman how to compliment a woman (choose one among it and the second one)