CS11 Digital Logic and Organization Lecture 1: Introduction to Computers and Computing

1. University of the Sulaimani (UOS).Faculty of Science and Sciences Education School of ScienceDepartment of Computer CS11 Digital Logic and Organization Lecture 1: Introduction to Computers and Computing RebazNawzad

2. What is a Computer? An electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory unit, that can accept data (input), manipulate the data according to specified rules (process), produce information (output) from the processing, and store the results for future use. The first electronic digital computers were developed in 1946 in USA, which was the size of a room

3. In the Beginning

4. Most people’s computer...

5. “The Box” CD-ROM Drive CRT Display Floppy Disk Drive Keyboard Mouse

6. Inside “The Box”

7. Motherboard

8. CPU (Central Processing Unit)

9. SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module)

10. HDD (Hard Disk Drive)

11. Power Supply

12. Schematic Diagram of a Personal Computer...

13. bus Ports Printer Mouse Keyboard Modem Diskcontroller Graphicscard Monitor Speakers CPU Soundcard RAM Networkcard Computer

14. Other Examples

18. Computing is Much, Much More...

19. Mobile Computing

21. Output Devices

23. Input Devices

25. “Other” Computing

29. Computer Basics: • Hardware: computer monitor or keyboard. • Software : web browsers, games, and word processors such as Microsoft Word.

30. Fundamental Components of a Computer 1. Processor or CPU 2. Memory (Main and Secondary) 3. Input 4. Output

31. What does a computer do? Processor Control Unit/Arithmetic Logic Unit • Input • Process • Output • Storage (Memory) Input Devices Output Devices Memory Storage Devices Information Processing Cycle

32. Input Devices • Any hardware component that allows you to enter data, programs, commands, and user responses into a computer> • Electrical impulses representing the Data entered to the system such as: words, numbers, images, or sounds. • Input Device Examples • Keyboard, …. • Mouse

33. Output Devices • Output devices make the information resulting from processing available for use, which Provide the results of the processing operations in a way that users understand • An output device is a piece of hardware equipment used to communicate the results of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as a computer) which converts the electronically generated information into human-readable form. • Output Device Examples • Printers • Impact • Nonimpact • Photo • Display Devices • CRT • LCD

34. Different between Input/output Devices: Input / Output Similar to memory from computer’s viewpoint • Input —Receive data from peripheral —Send data to computer • Output —Receive data from computer —Send data to peripheral

35. Storage Devices • Removable • Floppy disk, or diskette • Compact Disc CD-R, CD-RW, CD-ROM • DVDs – DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM • Zip disk • Flash disk/USB drive • Tape • Non-Removable • Hard disk

36. What is processing? What is processing? • The fundamental operation of most CPUs, regardless of the physical form they take. • It is to execute a sequence of stored instructions called a program. • The program is represented by a series of numbers that are kept in some kind of computer memory. There are four steps that nearly all CPUs use in their operation: fetch, decode, execute, and write back. • The fundamental operation of most CPUs, regardless of the physical form they take. • It is to execute a sequence of stored instructions called a program. • The program is represented by a series of numbers that are kept in some kind of computer memory. There are four steps that nearly all CPUs use in their operation: fetch, decode, execute, and write back. Processing Control Unit ALU Register

37. System Unit • The motherboard, or system board, is the main circuit board of the system unit • The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer • The control unit interprets the instructions • The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) performs the logical and arithmetic processes • Memory, also called random access memory, or RAM, consists of electronic components that store data, instructions, and information, as needed by the processor

38. Communications Devices • A communications device is a hardware component that enables a computer to send (transmit) and receive data, instructions, and information to and from one or more computers • Communications occur over transmission media, such as telephone lines, cables, cellular radio networks, and satellites

39. Operating System Tasks • Operations Management • Load, store and execute programs • Transfer data • File Management • Files • Folder • System Maintenance • Defragment/Check Disk • Virus Check • System Monitoring

40. Application Software • Word Processing • Spreadsheet • Presentation Graphics • Database • Contact Management • Utility Software – anti-virus, data backup, and file compression

41. NETWORKS • A network is a collection of computers and devices connected together so users can share data and resources • A local area network (LAN) connects computers in a limited geographic area • A wide area network (WAN) covers a large geographical area

42. Networks and the Internet • The world’s largest network is the Internet • Most users connect to the Internet in one of two ways: • Internet service provider • Online service provider

43. The World Wide Web • One of the more popular segments of the Internet is the World Wide Web, also called the Web. • A Web page is a document that contains text, graphics, sound, and/or video and has built-in connections, or hyperlinks to other Web documents • A Web site is a related collection of Web pages • You access and view Web pages using a software program called a Web browser • A Web page has a unique address, called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) • A hyperlink is a virtual connection to another place on the Web

44. More Internet Terms • Cookies – a text file created by a Web server and your Web browser, that sits on your hard drive • Search engine– a Web site containing a database of web pages and their content • Electronic commerce – conducting business online, such as shopping or investing. • Portal-- a launching point for browsing online; one of the most well-known is Yahoo!, where you can search the Web, shop, chat, check e-mail, build a Web site, and view news articles.

45. Web Browsers • Internet Explorer – built into Windows • Netscape – the oldest browser; an all-round communications package for the Internet; free at http://www.netscape.com • Opera – free version available at http://www.opera.com

46. Uniform Resource Locator (URL) Protocol http://www.yahoo.com Site Domain

47. COMMON APPLICATIONS • E-mail--Send messages to other connected users • Shop for goods and services • Meet and converse with people around the world • Instant Messaging, such as ICQ, Windows (MSN) Messenger, and AOL Instant Messenger • Web browser plug-ins, such as Macromedia Flash and Shockwave • Access sources of entertainment and leisure, such as online games, magazines, and vacation planning guides • Access information such as news, maps, airline schedules, and stock market data

48. Historical Stage of Computer Developments: • University of Pennsylvania, Moore School (ENIAC) 1946 • (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) • “Giant Brain” for:  United States Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory. • Von Neumann (conceptual Architecture of stored Program) (EDVAC). • (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) • M.V Wilkes, University of Cambridge (EDSAC), Implementation of first operational stored-memory computer. • (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) • Von Neumann Architecture

49. Generations of Computers • First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes • Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors • Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits • Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors • Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence

50. First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes • The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.