Physics 218: Mechanics

1. Physics 218: Mechanics Instructor: Dr. Tatiana Erukhimova Sections 807, 808, 809 Lecture 1

2. Dr. Tatiana Erukhimova [year] Howdy!

3. Atmospheric Thermodynamics Elementary Physics and Chemistry Gerald R. North Tatiana L. Erukhimova Texas A & M University Fall 2008: SLATE award Fall 2009: SLATE award Recipient of 2009 Distinguished Achievement College-Level Award in Teaching

4. Overview of Today’s Class • Folders • Syllabus and Course requirements • Tricks to survive • Why study Physics? • (we’ll do some demos today)

5. Please take the folders Section 807 (recitation at 8 am) – red folders Section 808 (recitation at 10:20 am) – yellow folders Section 809 (recitation at 13:40 pm) – green folders If you forgot your Section number, please check it with me

6. We’ll use the folders only in class: Please pick them up before each class and return back after the class DO NOT take them home! I’ll return the tests and quizzes in these folders

7. Syllabus Instructor Dr. Tatiana Erukhimova Homepagehttp://faculty.physics.tamu.edu/etanya/P218/ Office: 308 Mitchell Physics bldg

8. Phone: 845-5644 E-mail: etanya@tamu.edu Class times: TR: 2:20 pm to 3:35 pm Sections 807-809 Location: 204 MPHY Office hours: TWR 1 pm – 2pm or by appointment

9. Textbook: “Don’t Panic: Volume I”, by William H. Bassichis, 5th Edition Dedicated students like it! No lab manual is required

10. Clickers We will use CPS clickers for various kinds of assessment: pop quizzes, homework quizzes, in class discussion, etc. You will need to buy the clickers at the MSC Bookstore and register them for this class at http://elearning.tamu.edu

11. Grade Policy Exams 45% Lab 5% Quizzes (including homework quizzes) 10% Final 40%

12. Grade Policy (cont) • You must pass both the lecture • (3 midterm exams, final exam, homework) • and laboratory (>70%) parts of the course • separately in order to pass the course

13. Grade Policy (cont) • If your grade on the Final Exam is higher than your lowest grade on one of the three exams during the semester, the grade on the Final will replace that one lowest exam grade in computing the course grade (it will only replace one grade in case of two exams having the same lowest grade). • The Final Exam grade cannot be used to replace an exam that has been missed without an University excused absence. The missed exam will count as a zero when computing your final grade.

14. All Exams are • Closed book • No numbers! In general the problems will be formula solutions with variables • Problems will be similar to those on homework and recitation

15. Similar does not mean identical! Many of you have taken high school physics are used to being given formulas and numbers to plug into them… We are not going to do this on the exams! We’ll use variables… Good news: If you do the homework the way we ask you to, you’ll be well prepared for the exams!

16. Homework You’ll have weekly homework assignments Every week you’ll have hw quiz (for 10-15 min) with one problem from your assignment. Good news: you are allowed to use YOUR notes (no books or photocopies) Bad news: small partial credit (for hw). You have to show your work, get a correct formula, and, if required, a numerical answer

17. Check my webpage for hw assignments Example for Week 1 (Week Aug 31): Week Aug 31 (due Sep 7): All Chapter 1 problems and exercises “Due” means that I’ll give you a hw quiz on that day

18. Exam schedule All mid-term exams will be from 7:00 to 9:30 pm September  28             Exam I October      26             Exam II November  23             Exam III Final             TBA

19. I make help sessions before each midterm exam and the final. Also, there will be week-in-review sessions However, these sessions cannot substitute for regular class attendance.  They are to give you a good guidance on how to prepare for the test and to succeed in problem solving. Please check my webpage for help sessions schedule

20. Standards We’re teaching you how to THINK about how to solve technical problems. • If you think this class is “plug and chug” you’re going to be VERY unhappy • If you think you can memorize a few formulas and ace this course, you are very mistaken

21. My Advise to You • Be proactive!! Get into it and have fun • Be serious aboutan old rule of thumb:you have to study 2-3 hours a week outside the class per each credit hour • Don’t miss classes (lectures, recitations, labs) • Solve all problems and exercises after each Chapter in the book • Don’t fall into the “I understand the concepts but I can’t do the problems” trap. It means you haven’t done enough of the problems in the chapters. • Every year we have lots of students who really think they understand but fail during the exams. Don’t let this happen to you!

22. Why study physics? • the most fundamental of the sciencesprovides the basis of our understanding of the Universe; We do want to find out how things work! • scientists of all disciplines make use of the ideas of physics • fun to learn and adventure!

23. What is the role of 218 in your career?

24. Do your best to build a good foundation for your engineering career! P218 foundation

25. Language of physics is math Studies show that you need to be good at math to solve physics problems (This is a skill! Anyone can learn it, you just have to learn to deal with the fear and learn it anyways). First week we will learn some calculus: derivatives and integrals that we’ll need in this course

26. TRACK A Some statistics… # Passed Calc I % • 179 44 468 387 82

27. What happens when physics is ignored?

28. What happens when physics is ignored? On January 28, 1986, seven astronauts were killed when the space shuttle they were piloting, the Challenger, exploded just over a minute into the flight. The failure of the solid rocket booster O-rings to seal properly at low temperature allowed hot combustion gases to leak from the side of the booster and burn through the external fuel tank. O-ring

29. Cooling polymers: transition from rubbery to glass state At low temperature molecular bonds become stronger Molecules move too slow to respond to bending Rubber becomes brittle

30. Let’s do some experiments at low temperature!

31. Water Nitrogen Oxygen Gas 100 C (212 F) -196 C (-322 F) -183 C (-297 F) Boils Liquid 0 C (32 F) -223 C (-369 F) Freezes -210 C (-346 F) Solid Our air is ¾ Nitrogen and ¼ Oxygen

32. How cold is it? Vostok station -89 C Nitrogen boils: -196 C (77 K) Triton, the moon of Neptune: -235 C (38 K)

33. Earth We are lucky that here on Earth air is gaseous, while water is liquid!

34. This is how the clouds are formed! Why is there smoke? This is water vapor! Cold N2 leads to condensation of water droplets in the air. Why this vapor goes down while water vapor from boiling water goes up? Because this vapor is cold!

35. Cooling living cells Rubber regains elasticity when it thaws Living cells are permanently damaged by freezing

36. Mechanics • Various forms of motion: • mechanical • electromagnetic • thermal, etc. Mechanical form of motion is connected with displacements of various bodies relative to each other and with changes of the shapes of the bodies

37. Historical Notes • History of mechanics linked with history of human culture • Aristotle (384-322 B.C.); Physics • Archimedes (3rd century B.C.), the law of lever, the law of equilibrium for floating bodies • Galileo Galilei (1564-1624), the basic law of motion

38. Archimedes (3rd century B.C.), the law of lever, the law of equilibrium for floating bodies GIVE ME A PLACE TO STAND AND I WILL MOVE THE EARTH

39. Antikythera Mechanism decoded?! • Found in 1901 near the Antikythera island in a Roman shipwreck dated 80 BC • Remained a puzzle for over 100 years • Recently deciphered using X-ray tomography, optical imaging, texture mapping

40. Nature, 30 November 2006 (page 587)

41. A sophisticated mechanical computer

42. Predicts: • Lunar and solar cycles, taking into account ellipticity of the moon’s orbit • Lunar and solar eclipses • Accurate positions of the sun, moon, and planets • Luni-solar calendar Unfortunately, the secret of making such devices was lost after the invasion of Romans. Next time when much simpler mechanisms of this kind appeared was in Islamic countries in 1300 AD (Al Biruni) Later they were imported to Europe and became clock mechanisms

43. a v Galileo Galilei (1564-1624), the basic law of motion a = g = const for all bodies independently on their masses

44. A New Era of Science

45. Newton’s law of gravitation

47. Clockwork universe

48. 1905 Albert Einstein "Gravitation cannot be held responsible for people falling in love.“ Albert Einstein

49. Some typical lengths in the Universe • The most distant galaxies are about 1026 m, or 1023 km, away. • The sun is 1.5 x 1011 m, or 150 000 000 km from the Earth. • The diameter of the Earth is 1.28 x 107 m, or 12,800 km. • A typical human is about 1.7 m, or 170 cm, tall.

50. Hubble Deep Field 1011 galaxies in the observable universe Farthest and oldest objects are 12-13 billion light years, or 1026 m away!