306/7MC Research Methods

1. 306/7MCResearch Methods John Keenan john.keenan@coventry.ac.uk

2. Blog link for PowerPoint: http://whisperingchicken.wordpress.com

3. Research 1. What, why, how 2. Secondary Research 3. Primary Research 4. Results 5. Conclusions – connect secondary with primary

4. Your life is your life Go beyond the watch Interest There is light somewhere The gods will offer you chances. Know them. Take them.

5. What interests YOU?

6. Narrow down

10. Read all about it Communication and Mass Media Complete

11. Bibliography Balkwill L and Thompson W, 1999, A Cross-cultural Investigation of the Perception of Emotion in Music: Psychophysical and Cultural Cues, Music Perception, Vol 17 No1 pp43-64  Booth-Davies John, 1978, The Psychology of Music, London: Hutchinson and Co  Bradley Margaret M and Lang Peter J, Affective Reactions to Acoustic Stimuli, 2000, Psychophysiology, 37 pp204-215 Bruachli Peter, Michel Christopher, Zeier Hans, 1995, Electrocortical, Autonomic, and subjective Responses to Rhythmic Audio-Visual Stimulation, International Journal of Psychophysiology 19, pp53-66 Buchanan Tony W, Lutz Kai, MirzazadeSpecht, Shah Jon, Zilles Karl, Jancke Lutz, 2000, Recognition of Emotional Prosody and Verbal Components of Spoken Language: an fMRI Study, Cognitive Brain Research, Volume 9, Issue 3, June 2000, pp227-238  Budd, Malcolm, 1985, Music and the Emotions: The Philosophical Theories, Routledge and Kegan Paul Inc Burkhardt Felix and Sendlmeier Walter F, 2000, Verification of Acoustical Correlates of Emotional Speech using Formant-Synthesis, in SpeechEmotion-2000, pp151-6,Technical University, Berlin  Cahn Janet E, 1990, The Generation of Affect in Synthesized Speech , Journal of the American Voice Vol 8 pp251-256.  Campbell Nick, 2000, Databases of Emotional Speech, Proceedings of the ISCA Workshop on Speech and Emotion, pp34-38  Carlson John G, and Hatfield, Elaine, 1992, The Psychology of Emotions, Harcourt Brace Jacanovich Publishers Coan James and Allen John (Eds) (2007) Handbook of Emotion Elicitation and Assessment, Oxford: Oxford University Press Coan James and Allen John (2007) Organizing the Tools and Methods of Affective Science Introduction in Coan James and Allen John (Eds) (2007) Handbook of Emotion Elicitation and Assessment, Oxford: Oxford University Press  Cohen Annabel, 2001, Music as a source of Emotion in Film, Chapter 11 in Juslin and Sloboda, Music and Emotion: Theory and Research, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp249-272  Cook Nicholas and Dibben Nicola, 2001, Musicalogical Approaches to Emotion, in Juslin and Sloboda, Music and Emotion: Theory and Research, pp45-70  Cornelius, Randolph, 1996, The Science of Emotion: Research and Traditions in the Psychology of Emotions, Prentice Hall CowieRoddy, Schroeder Marc, Sawey Martin, Douglas-Cowie Ellen, McMahon Edelle and Savvidou Suzie, Feeltrace – a Tool for Recording How Perceived Emotion Develops Over Time. Cowie R, Douglas-Cowie E, Tsapatsoulis N, Fellenz W, Kollias S and Taylor J G, Emotion Recognition in Human-Computer Interaction, Signal Processing Magazine, January 2001 pp33-77

12. Curtin John, Lozano David and Allen John (2007) The Psychophysiological Laboratory, Chapter 24 in Coan James and Allen John (Eds) (2007) Handbook of Emotion Elicitation and Assessment, Oxford: Oxford University Press Davis W Jackson, Rahman Matthew, Smith Libby, Burns Ayesha, Senecal Laura, McArthur Douglas, Halpern Jennifer, Perlmutter Aaron, Sickels Wendy, Wagner Wendelin, 1995, Properties of Human Affect Induced by Static Color Slides (IAPS): Dimensional, Categorical and Electromyographyic Analysis, in British Psychology, Volume 41, pp 229-253 DeSteno David, Petty Richard, Rucker Derek, Wegener Duane, Braverman Julia, 2004, Discrete Emotions and Persuasion: The Role of Emotion-Induced Expectancies, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Volume 86, No 1, pp43-46 Doherty William R, 1998, Emotional Contagion and Social Judgment, Motivation and Emotion, Volume 22, No 3 Douglas-Cowie Ellen, Cowie Roddy and Schroder Marc, 2000, A New Emotional Database: Considerations, Sources and Scope, Queen’s University Belfast Eich Eric, Ng Joycelin, Macaulay Dawn, Percy Alexandra and Grebneva Irina (2007) Combining Music with Thought to Change Mood, Chapter Eight in Coan James and Allen John (Eds) (2007) Handbook of Emotion Elicitation and Assessment, Oxford: Oxford University Press Ekman P and Scherer K (Eds), 1984, Approaches to Emotion, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Forgas Joseph P, 1991, Emotion and Social Judgements: an Introductory Review, Pergamon Press Frijda Nico H., 1993, The Emotions, Cambridge University Press Gabrielsson and Lindstrom, 2001, The Influence of Musical Structure on Emotional Expression, Chapter 10 in Juslin Patrik and Sloboda John, 2001, Music and Emotion: Theory and Research, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 223-247 Gendoll Guido H E, Abele Andrea E, Krusken Jan, 2001, The Informational Impact of Mood on Effort Mobilization: A Study of Cardiovascular and Electrodermal Responses, Emotion March 1st, Volume 1, Issue 1 pp.1528-3542 Gustafson-Capkova, Sofia, Emotions in Speech: Tagset and Acoustic Correlates, Speech Technology Term Paper, Autumn 2001 Hargreaves David, 1992, The Developmental Psychology of Music, Cambridge University Press Hazlett R and Hazlett S, 1999, Emotional Response to Television Commercials: Facial EMG vs Self-Report, Journal of Advertising Research Vol 39 No 2 March 1999 pp7-23 Heitanan Jari, Surakka Veikko and Linnanoski Ilkka, Facial Electomyographic Responses to Vocal Affect Expressions, 1998, Psychophysiology, 35 pp530-536 Cambridge University Press

13. Helmholtz Herman LF, 1954, On the sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music, Dove Publications, New York Henderson Heather and Fox Nathan, 2007, Considerations in Studying Emotion in Infants and Children, Chapter 21 in Coan James and Allen John (Eds) (2007) Handbook of Emotion Elicitation and Assessment, Oxford: Oxford University Press Hess Ursula and Blairy Sylvie, 2001, Facial Mimicry and Emotional Contagion to Dynamic Emotional Facial Expression and their Influence on Decoding Accuracy, International Journal of Psychophysiology, Volume 40, Issue 2, March, Pages 129-141 Iida Akemi, Campbell Nick, Soichiro Higuchi, Fumito Higuchi and Yasumura Michiaki, 1998, Acoustic Nature and Perceptual Testing of Corpora of Emotional Speech Graduate School of Media and Governance Keio University, Japan Johnstone Tom and Scherer Klaus R, 1999, The Effects of Emotions on Voice Quality in Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, pp2029-2032 Jun Sun Ah, prosodic Models and Transcription Towards prosodic Typology, Oxford University Press Juslin Patrik, 2000, Cue Utilization in Communication of Emotion in Music Performance: Relating Performance to Perception, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, pp0096-1523, December 1, 2000, Volume 26, Issue 6 Juslin Patrik and Luakka Petri, 2003, Communication of emotion in Music Performance: Relating Performance to Perception, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance December 1, Volume 26, Issue 6 Juslin Patrik and Sloboda John, 2001, Music and Emotion: Theory and Research, Oxford: Oxford University Press Juslin Patrik, 2008, Five Facets of Musical Expression: A Psychologist’s Perspective on Music Performance, Psychology of Music, 2003, Volume 31 pp273-302 Kienast Miriam and Sendlmeier, Walter F, 2000, Acoustical Analysis of Spectral and Temporal Changes in Emotional Speech, in SpeechEmotion-2000, pp92-97 Knapp, Peter H., 1963, The Expressions of the Emotions of Man, International University Press Inc Kovecses, Zoltan, 1990, Emotion Concepts, Springer-Verity Krumhansl Carol L and Toiviainen Petri Tonal Cognition Chapter 7 in Peretz Isabelle and Zatorre Robert (2004) The Cognitive Neuroscience of Music, Oxford University Press Mackie, Diane and Worth, Leila T, 1991, Feeling Good but Not Thinking Straight (in Forgas, 1991) Marci Carl, 2006, A Biologically Based Measure of Emotional Engagement: Context Matters, Jounral of Advertising Research, December 2006, Vol 46, No.4, pp381-387

14. Johnstone Tom and Scherer Klaus R, 1999, The Effects of Emotions on Voice Quality in Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, pp2029-2032 Jun Sun Ah, prosodic Models and Transcription Towards prosodic Typology, Oxford University Press Juslin Patrik, 2000, Cue Utilization in Communication of Emotion in Music Performance: Relating Performance to Perception, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, pp0096-1523, December 1, 2000, Volume 26, Issue 6 Juslin Patrik and Luakka Petri, 2003, Communication of emotion in Music Performance: Relating Performance to Perception, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance December 1, Volume 26, Issue 6 Juslin Patrik and Sloboda John, 2001, Music and Emotion: Theory and Research, Oxford: Oxford University Press Juslin Patrik, 2008, Five Facets of Musical Expression: A Psychologist’s Perspective on Music Performance, Psychology of Music, 2003, Volume 31 pp273-302 Kienast Miriam and Sendlmeier, Walter F, 2000, Acoustical Analysis of Spectral and Temporal Changes in Emotional Speech, in SpeechEmotion-2000, pp92-97 Knapp, Peter H., 1963, The Expressions of the Emotions of Man, International University Press Inc Kovecses, Zoltan, 1990, Emotion Concepts, Springer-Verity Krumhansl Carol L and Toiviainen Petri Tonal Cognition Chapter 7 in Peretz Isabelle and Zatorre Robert (2004) The Cognitive Neuroscience of Music, Oxford University Press Mackie, Diane and Worth, Leila T, 1991, Feeling Good but Not Thinking Straight (in Forgas, 1991) Marci Carl, 2006, A Biologically Based Measure of Emotional Engagement: Context Matters, Jounral of Advertising Research, December 2006, Vol 46, No.4, pp381-387 Matsumoto David and Yoo Seung Hee, 2007, Methodological Considerations in the Study of Emotion Across Cultures Chapter 20 in Coan James and Allen John (Eds) (2007) Handbook of Emotion Elicitation and Assessment, Oxford: Oxford University Press Meyer Leonard B, 1961, Emotion and Meaning in Music, London: University of Chicago Press Meyer Leonard B, 2001, Music and Emotion, Distinctions and Uncertainties (Chapter 15 of Juslin and Sloboda, 2001) Meyers-Levy Joan (1994) Gender Differences in Cortical Organization: Social and Biological Antecedents and Advertising Consequences, Chapter 7 in Clark Eddie, Brock Timothy and Stewart David (Eds) (1994) Attention, Attitude, and Affect in Response to Advertising, London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

15. Morris JS, Scott SK and Dolan RJ, 1999, Saying it with Feeling: Neural Responses to Emotional Vocalizations, Neuropsycholia, Volume 37, Issue 10, September 1999, pp1155-1163 Mozziconacci Sylvie, 1998, The Expression of Emotion Considered n the Framework of an Intonaton Model, CREST JST (Japan Science and Technology) Mozziconacci Sylvie and Hermes Dik, 2000, Expression of Emotion and Attitude through Temporal Speech Variations, CREST project, Japan Science and Technology Mozziconacci Sylvie and Hermes Dik, 1999, Role of Intonation Patterns in Conveying Emotion in Speech, IPO Center for Research on User System Interaction, Netherlands Nawrot Elizabeth, 2003, The Perception of Emotional Expression in Music: Evidence from Infants, Children and Adults, Psychology of Music, Vol 31(I) pp.75-92 Norris Catherine, Coan James and Johnstone Tom, 2007, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Study of Emotion Chapter 26 in Coan James and Allen John (Eds) (2007) Handbook of Emotion Elicitation and Assessment, Oxford: Oxford University Press North Adrian C and Hargreaves David J, 1996, Affective and Evaluative Responses to the Arts, Empirical Studies of the Arts, Volume 14(2) pp207-222 Oatley Keith and Jenkins Jennifer, 1996, Understanding Emotions, Blackwell Publishers Owrens Michael and Bochorowski Jo-Anne, 2007, Measuring Emotion-Related Vocal Acoustics, Chapter 15 in Coan James and Allen John (Eds) (2007) Handbook of Emotion Elicitation and Assessment, Oxford: Oxford University Press Paeschke A and Sendlmeier W F, 2000, Prosodic Characteristics of Emotional Speech: Measurements of Fundamental Frequency Movements, Proceedings of the ISCA Workshop on Speech and Emotion pp75-80 Peretz Isabelle, 2001, Listen to the Brain: A Biological Perspective on Musical Emotions in Juslin and Sloboda, Music and Emotion: Theory and Research, Oxford: Oxford University Press Peretz Isabelle and Zatorre Robert, 2004, The Cognitive Neuroscience of Music, Oxford University Press Plutchik, Robert, 1994, The Psychology and Biology of Emotion Rickard Nikki S, 2004, Intense Emotional Responses to Music: A Test of the Physiological Arousal Hypothesis, from Psychology of Music, Vol 32(4) pp371-388 Roach Peter, 2000, Techniques for the Phonetic Description of Emotional Speech, School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, University of Reading Rolls Edmund, (2007) Emotion Elicited by Primary Reinforcers and Following Stimulus-Reinforcement Association Learning, Chapter Nine in Coan James and Allen John (Eds) (2007) Handbook of Emotion Elicitation and Assessment, Oxford: Oxford University Press Ruef Anna Marie and Levenson Robert (2007) Continuous Measurement of Emotion, Chapter 17 in Coan James and Allen John (Eds) (2007) Handbook of Emotion Elicitation and Assessment, Oxford: Oxford University Press

16. Scherer Klaus R, 2000, A Cross-Cultural Investigation of Emotion Inferences from Voice and Speech: Implications for Speech Technology University of Geneva Switzerland Scherer Klaus, 1995, How Emotion is Expressed in Speech and Singing, ICPhs, Volume 3, 1995, pp 91-97 Scherer Klaus R Methods of Research on Vocal Communication: Paradigms and Parameters in Handbook of Methods in Nonverbal Behaviour Research, Cambridge University Press, 1982 Scherer Klaus R, 1987, Toward a Dynamic Theory of Emotion: The Component Process Model of Affective States, Geneva Studies in Emotion and Communication Vol 1  Scherer Klaus, Johnstone Tom and BaenzigerTanja, 1998, Automatic Verification of Emotionally stressed speakers: The Problems of Individual Differences Scherer Klaus Johnstone Tom and BaenzigerTanja, EMOVOX, Voice Variability Related to Speaker-Emotional State in Automatic Speaker Verification, www.unige.ch Scherer Klaus, Mounoud P, Kappa A, Zinetti A and Ceshci G, Emotional Reactions to Experimentally Manipulated Voice Changes: A Lab Report on a Cross-Sectional Study of Infants between 5 and 14 months Scherer Klaus and Zentner Marcel, 2001, Emotional Effects of Music: Production Rules, Chapter 16 in Sloboda and Juslin Music and Emotion: Theory and Research, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp361-91 Sloboda John A, 1999, The Musical Mind: The Cognitive Psychology of Music, Oxford University Press Sloboda John and JuslinPatrik, 2001, Psychological Perspectives on Music and Emotion in Juslin and Sloboda, Music and Emotion: Theory and Research, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp71-104 Strongman, Kenneth Thompson, 1978, The Psychology of Emotion, Wiley TarastiEero, 1994, A Theory of Musical Semiotics, Indiana University Press Thompson Jack George, 1988, The Psychobiology of Emotions, Plenum Press Webster G and Weir C, 2005, Emotional Responses to Music: Interactive effects of Mode, Texture and Tempo, Motivation and Emotion, Vol 29, No1 Wiens Stefan and Ohman Arne, 2007, Probing Unconscious Emotional Processes, Chapter Five in Coan James and Allen John (Eds) (2007) Handbook of Emotion Elicitation and Assessment, Oxford: Oxford University Press Wild Barbara, Erb Michael, Bartels Mathias, 2001, Are Emotions Contagious? Evoked Emotions While Viewing Emotionally Expressive Faces, Quality, Quantity, Time Course and Gender Differences, Psychiatry Research Issue 2, 1st June, pp 109-124 WinkielmanPiotr and Berridge Kent C, 2004, Unconscious Emotion, Current Directions in Psychological Science, Volume 13, Issue 3, June 2004, pp120-128 Zangwill Nick, 2004, Against Emotions: Hanslick was Right about Music, British Journal of Aesthetics, Volume 44, No 1, January, pp 29-43

17. My current reading

18. Find Methods http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/index.php 302.2

20. Which word has one syllable? Which word has one syllable? Put these in the right order for a questionnaire Classification questions Screen questions A: B: Warm-ups Increasingly difficult questions C: D:

21. B C D A

22. Which word has one syllable? Which word has one syllable? What does quantitative mean? Can be counted Can be exciting A: B: Can be descriptive supermarket C: D:

23. A Can be counted

24. Which word has one syllable? Which word has one syllable? What does qualitative mean? It is non-graphologic Gets indepth information A: B: It does not contain graphs Done over a long time C: D:

25. B Gets indepth information

26. Which word has one syllable? Which word has one syllable? What is validity? Does what it should Does what it can A: B: Can be re-tested with same results An egg timer C: D:

27. A Does what it should

28. Which word has one syllable? Which word has one syllable? What is reliability Error-free to 0.5 Can be retested with same results A: B: Always in for a cup of tea Has the same variables C: D:

29. B Can be re-tested with the same results

30. Which word has one syllable? Which word has one syllable? What is an independent variable? Something that can predict a change Something that changes A: B: Free-floating value A variable that needs no dependent C: D:

31. A Something that can predict a change

32. Which word has one syllable? Which word has one syllable? What is a dependent variable result of the independent variable A: B: an oppositional number Variable that always stays the same A number that needs no mediation C: D:

33. B Result of the independent variable

34. Which word has one syllable? Which word has one syllable? What is a population? Everyone who corresponds to sample type Sample of people A: B: Percent of respondents whose results are used Amount of dependent variables C: D:

35. B Everyone who corresponds to sample type

36. Which word has one syllable? Which word has one syllable? What is a sample? A proportion of the population All of a type A: B: Randomly selected group 10% of the population C: D:

37. A A proportion of the population

38. Which word has one syllable? Which word has one syllable? Which one of the following is not a sample type? random convenience A: B: snowball manuka C: D:

39. D manuka

40. Which word has one syllable? Which word has one syllable? Which sample-type means a fixed proportion? quota proportional A: B: snowball census C: D:

41. A quota

43. Qualitative Research • Advantages: • does not impose reasons • gets understanding not confirmation • gains depth of knowledge • can see the world in its natural state • philosophy of the free-thinking individual • discovers insights

44. Validity - does what it should Reliability - degree to which measurement is free from error Systematic replicable

45. Why participant observation? Preliminary study Natural setting – Hawthorne Why not? Validity – what is recorded, one viewpoint Ethics – Covert? (if not, Hawthorne) Danger – Street Corner Society Data Cameras, sound recorders – transcribed Notepad Purpose led Give subjects cameras; complete diaries

46. Focus Groups – 8-12; recorder; moderator Why focus groups? Interaction Why not? Monopolisation Inhibited Recording Record-transcribe Non-verbal?

47. Interviews - interview schedule Why interviews? Depth Why not? Interviewer bias Time Recording Record-transcribe

48. Why case study? natural Why not? not generalisable

49. Quantitative Research Advantages Provides evidence - facts and figures Can be re-tested Can be generalised Disadvantages Gives figures not reasons There are lies, damn lies and statistics 82.3% of statistics are made up on the spot

50. Types of quantitative research Questionnaire Survey Content analysis Experiment