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Chapter 9

Chapter 9. Carbon & Its Compounds. Carbon. more that 90% of all compounds contain the element carbon carbon compounds are known as organic compounds organic means coming from life, but not all organic compounds come from living things, many are synthesized in the laboratory.

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Chapter 9

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  1. Chapter 9 Carbon & Its Compounds

  2. Carbon • more that 90% of all compounds contain the element carbon • carbon compounds are known as organic compounds • organic means coming from life, but not all organic compounds come from living things, many are synthesized in the laboratory

  3. Bonding of Carbon • carbon atoms bond covalently with other carbon atoms • bonds can be single, double, or triple covalent bonds • these bonds can form straight chains, branched chains, or rings

  4. Carbon Bonds

  5. Carbon Bonds

  6. Properties of Organic Compounds • usually exist as gases or liquids • strong odors • low boiling points • do not conduct electricity • do not dissolve in water

  7. Structural Formulas • shows the kind, number, & arrangement of atoms in a molecule • the dash is used to represent the pair of shared electrons in the covalent bond • no dangling dashes allowed – covalent bonds form to produce stable compounds

  8. Isomers • compounds with the same molecular formula (C4H10) but different structures (like butane)

  9. Hydrocarbons • an organic compound that contains only hydrogen & carbon • classified as either saturated (all bonds between carbon atoms are single covalent bonds) or unsaturated (one or more bonds between carbon atoms is a double or triple covalent bond)

  10. Alkanes • saturated hydrocarbons • all single covalent bonds between carbon atoms • general formula = CnH2n+2 • Look at Alkane Series Chart on page 238 • Least reactive

  11. Alkenes • unsaturated hydrocarbons • at least one pair of carbon atoms has a double covalent bond • general formula = CnH2n • Look at Alkene Series Chart on page 239 • More reactive (double bonds break easier)

  12. Alkynes • unsaturated hydrocarbons • at least one pair of carbon atoms has a triple covalent bond • general formula = CnH2n-2 • Look at Alkene Series Chart on page 239 • Most reactive (triple bonds break very easily)

  13. Naming Hydrocarbons • alkane series (suffix = - ane) • alkene series (suffix = - ene) • alkyne series (suffix = - yne) • first part of each hydrocarbon is a prefix that indicated the # of carbon atoms present in the compound

  14. Prefixes for Carbon Atoms • meth- • eth- • pro– • but- • pent- • hex- • hept- • oct– • non- • dec-

  15. Aromatic Hydrocarbons • structures in the shape of rings • have strong & often pleasant odors (aromas) • Ex. benzene

  16. Other Organic Compounds • carbon atoms can form bonds with other elements • these compounds are called substituted hydrocarbons • they’re formed when one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon chain or ring is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms

  17. Alcohols • one or more of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by an –OH group • Example: methane (CH4) to methanol (CH3OH) • to name an alcohol, add the suffix –olto the end of the corresponding hydrocarbon

  18. Organic Acids • acid created by the substitution of a carboxyl (–COOH) group • one of the carbon-oxygen bonds is a double bond • to name, add the suffix –oic • most have a more common name, like acetic acid (ethanoic) & citric acid (propanoic)

  19. Esters • created by chemically combining an alcohol & an organic compound • have pleasant odors & flavors

  20. Halogen Derivatives • substituting one or more of the hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon with an element from the halogen family (F, Cl, Br, or I) • resulting compounds are used as refrigerants, in dry cleaning, & Freon, a coolant found in refrigerators & air conditioners

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