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Part Three

Part Three. Text Appreciation. ENTER. Text Appreciation. Contents. General Introduction Text Analysis Questions Further Discussion Writing Devices 1. Irony 4. Oxymoron 2. sarcasm 5. Innuendo 3. Paradox 6. Satire IV. Key Characteristics V. Sentence Paraphrase. W.

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Part Three

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  1. Part Three Text Appreciation ENTER

  2. Text Appreciation Contents • General Introduction • Text Analysis • Questions • Further Discussion • Writing Devices • 1.Irony 4. Oxymoron • 2. sarcasm 5. Innuendo • 3. Paradox 6. Satire • IV. Key Characteristics • V. Sentence Paraphrase W B T L E

  3. General Introduction For reference Plot of the story Setting of the story Protagonists of the story Theme of the story

  4. General Introduction Plot: A young delinquent awaits sentencing for the manslaughter of his aggressive father. One juror feels there is a reasonable doubt—to the frustration of his eleven colleagues—thus preventing a quick verdict. During the heated deliberations, the hidden preconceptions and prejudices of the jurors are revealed. Setting: jury room Protagonists: 12 jurors To be continued on the next page.

  5. General Introduction Theme: "Twelve Angry Men" is about one individual's ability to stand up for what he believes, even when others ridicule him. It is also a powerful study not just of the criminal justice system, but also of the diversity of human experience, the nature of peer pressure, and the difficulty of ever fully knowing the truth. The end of General Introduction.

  6. No. 7: Who says it’s easy? What? Just because I voted fast? I honestly think the guy’s guilty. Couldn’t change my mind if you talked for a hundred years. Question: Was No. 7 talking about facts or opinions? How did No. 7 impress you? II. Text Analysis In Para. 18 He was talking about his opinions. He was determined to stick to his opinion whatever the fact was. It seemed that No. 7 was a stubborn and biased man. W B T L E To be continued on the next page.

  7. No. 10: … You’re not going to tell me that we’re supposed to believe this kid, knowing what he is! Listen, I’ve lived among them all my life. You can’t believe a word they say. Question: Do you think that the fact that No. 10 ever lived among them justified his judgment? How did No. 9 retort? II. Text Analysis In Para. 20 No. 10 believed that he knew those people very well because “I’ve lived among them all my life”. But this judgment can be wrong because not all of those people told lies. Therefore No. 10’s opinion was a prejudice. No. 9 retorted persuasively by asking “since when is dishonesty a group characteristic?” To be continued on the next page.

  8. No. 8: … You don’t believe the boy’s story. How come you believe the woman’s? She is one of THEM, too, isn’t she? Question: Do you think Juror No. 8 made a strong point here? II. Text Analysis In Para. 36 No. 8 was quick witted, and he could refute NO. 10’s argument in a logical way. This question was so clever that No. 3 was trapped in his own reasoning: He didn’t believe the boy’s story simply because “You can’t believe a word they say”, but he believed the woman’s testimony. To be continued on the next page.

  9. No. 10: You’re a pretty smart fellow, aren’t you? Question: How should we read the sentence? What is the real meaning? II. Text Analysis In Para. 37 It is an irony. No. 10 didn’t mean to praise No. 8’s quick response; instead, he was satirizing. To be continued on the next page.

  10. No. 7: … Now look at the kid’s record. At 10, he was in children’s court. At 15, he was in reform school. He’s been arrested for mugging, picked up for knife-fighting. This is a real fine boy. Question: How do we understand the last sentence? II. Text Analysis In Para. 49 It is an irony. No. 7 called the boy a real fine boy, but in fact he meant to ridicule him. To be continued on the next page.

  11. No. 4: … He was born in the slums. And all slums are breeding-grounds for criminals. … It is no secret children from slum backgrounds are potential menaces to society. No. 10: Now you can say that again. Kids brought up in these backgrounds are real trash. I don’t want any part of them. Question: Were No. 4 and No. 10 talking about facts or opinions? II. Text Analysis In Paras. 52, 53 They were talking about personal opinions. To be continued on the next page.

  12. No. 8: I’ve got a proposition to make to all of you. I want to call for a vote. I want you 11 people to vote by secret written ballot… But if anyone votes not guilty, we’ll stay here and talk it out. Question:What reasonable doubt was raised when the second vote was called for? Who changed the vote to not guilty? II. Text Analysis In Para. 84 The reasonable doubt here was that since it was so easy to get the switch knife—the death weapon, it was possible that someone else stabbed the father with a similar knife. No. 9 changed his vote because he respected No. 8’s courage. To be continued on the next page.

  13. No. 3: Secret! What do you mean? There are no secrets in a jury room. I know who it was. (To No. 5) Brother, you really are something. You sat here and voted guilty like the rest of us. And then some golden-voiced preacher started to tear your poor heart out about a poor kid, and so you changed your vote. This is the most sickening…Why don’t you drop a quarter in the collection-box? Question:What kind of person was Juror No. 3? II. Text Analysis In Para. 88 He was bad-tempered, excitable, rough, and arrogant. He had also got a sharp tongue. His own unsuccessful experience with his son made him strongly prejudiced against the accused boy. He was anxious to punish the boy for his alleged murder, thus getting very impatient with whoever might vote for not guilty. To be continued on the next page.

  14. No. 9: I speak from experience. Question: What character did No. 9 reveal here, in your opinion? II. Text Analysis In Para. 115 He was an aged man, decent and upright. He respected No. 8’s courage and gave him his support. He analyzed reasonably the psychology of the old man who testified at the court. He had the guts to admit that as an old man, he would do something to arouse people’s attention, and to be important. The end of Questions (Text Analysis).

  15. Further discussion about the story II. Text Analysis • Why didn’t the author give names to the characters in the drama? Is this play merely a conflict among people or is it also a conflict of ideas? • Why did No. 8 vote not guilty? Did he have any evidence to prove the boy’s innocence at first? Why did he vote the way he did then? What was his motive? Did he allow his sympathy for the boy to interfere with his judgment? • Figure out prejudicial arguments in the play. To be continued on the next page.

  16. Further discussion about the story II. Text Analysis • NO. 10 speaks sarcastically of the boy as one of “them”, which is called stereotyped thinking because it falsely applies the qualities of a few people to an entire group, how does No. 8 trap No. 10 in his own lack of logic? • What does No. 8 do that casts serious doubt on the boy’s guilt? • Can you point out a few examples of sarcasm in the text? • How many votes are called for altogether? Which jurors change their votes each time a vote is called? What reasonable doubt leads to the change of the vote each time? To be continued on the next page.

  17. Further discussion about the story II. Text Analysis Fill in the blanks, and figure out which juror changes his vote each time a vote is called for. To be continued on the next page.

  18. Further discussion about the story II. Text Analysis Give character sketches of these jurors with the hints given below. No. 1: (the foreman) Not much is revealed about his character except the fact that he takes his position as the foreman very seriously and tries to do his best to get the discussion properly organized. No. 2: small, shy, hesitant, honest, probably a petty clerk, serious about his duty as a juror NO. 3: tall, big, forceful, stubborn, a bully, a self- made man, no sense of humor, intolerant of different opinions, having trouble dealing with young people To be continued on the next page.

  19. Further discussion about the story II. Text Analysis No. 4: cool, calm, educated, a broker by profession, aware of his superior social position, proud of his logical thinking, completely humorless NO. 5: born in a slum, ashamed of his background, slightly bashful, not much of a speaker, not a man with ready ideas NO. 6: a blue-collar worker, honest but a bit slow, having difficulty forming an opinion To be continued on the next page.

  20. Further discussion about the story II. Text Analysis NO. 7: a small trader, a man whose tongue moves more quickly than his brain, not very serious about his duty as a juror, prejudiced, having a sickly sense of humour No. 8: a middle-aged architect, honest, humane, thoughtful, witty, a man of moral principles and a strong sense of justice No. 9: a gentle old man of humble background, poor and unimportant, but decent and upright, also serious about his first juror duty To be continued on the next page.

  21. Further discussion about the story II. Text Analysis No. 10: poor and poorly educated, yet extremely prejudiced against poor people and people with little schooling, excitable and irrational No. 11: most likely a recent immigrant from Europe, humble about his background, proud of his present role and determined to see that justice is done, proud also of what he believed to be a land of freedom and justice To be continued on the next page.

  22. Further discussion about the story II. Text Analysis • Based on the play, what statements are facts • and what are opinions? What statements are the • stereotyped thinking? What prejudices or bias • are revealed? • Read the play and find out the plot elements • such as conflict, crisis/turning moment, climax, • etc. The end of Further Discussion (Text Analysis).

  23. III. Writing Devices • Irony • Sarcasm • Paradox • Oxymoron • Innuendo • Satire

  24. Irony III. Writing Devices Categories the discrepancy between what is said and what is meant, what is said and what is done, what is expected or intended and what happens, what is meant or said and what others understand More examples “Irony” comes from the Greek word “eiron”, meaning a man who makes himself appear less than he is. When Odysseus returned at last from Troy, he appeared to be a ragged beggar, not the rightful King of Ithaca. No one paid attention to him until he revealed himself by stringing his own bow—which none of his wife Penelope’s suitors, or anyone else, had the strength to do.  origin To be continued on the next page.

  25. Irony: categories Verbal irony: the speaker says something different from what he or she really believes. e.g. "Nice weather!" when it is raining. Dramatic irony: often occurs in plays when the characters think one way, but the audience knows that things are another way. e.g. Oedipus Rex boasts that he will punish the person who killed King Laius, and the audience knows, especially if they’ve seen the play before, that Oedipus himself killed him. Irony of fate: the situation is different from common sense makes it to be. e.g. General Patton lives through the tank battles of WWII, and after the war he is killed accidentally by one of his own men. In The Scarlet Letter, it is situational irony that the town thinks that Reverend Dimmesdale is angelic when he shamefully hides his adultery with Hester Prynne while she suffers. III. Writing Devices To be continued on the next page.

  26. Irony: examples III. Writing Devices • Brother, you really are something. You sat there and voted guilty like the rest of us. And then some golden-voiced preacher started to tear your poor heart out about a poor kid, and so you changed your vote. (Para. 88) • This is a real fine boy. (Para. 49) • It must be delightful to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny in one’s pocket. • I stayed in the hospital ten days with my sister who was dying. Barbara, my ex-best friend, came to my house to look after my children. She helped things out and took my things out. She did help! More examples To be continued on the next page.

  27. Irony: more examples III. Writing Devices • By midmorning a forty-one-year-old teacher had been shot dead, with his security card in hand, and another teacher struck by two nine-millimeter bullets, was extraordinarily lucky to be alive. Two others narrowly escaped Nicholas Elliot’s bullets. • He (Henry Ford) announced to the press that he’d turn over his war profits to the government. But there’s no record that he ever did. The end of Irony.

  28. Sarcasm III. Writing Devices A variant of irony Sarcasm is one kind of irony; it is a praise which is really an insult; sarcasm generally involves malice, the desire to putsomeone down, e.g., "This is my brilliant son, who failed out of college." Examples To be continued on the next page.

  29. Sarcasm: examples III. Writing Devices Sarcasm更尖刻，往往蓄意中伤或讥讽；irony的特点是幽默或俏皮；satire可泛指irony, sarcasm，用来讽刺社会现象或一些人，不像sarcasm那样指个人。 “How unselfish you are!” said Ellen in sarcasm as her sister took the biggest piece of cake. When children call a boy “Four Eyes” because he wears glasses, they are speaking in sarcasm. The end of Sarcasm.

  30. Paradox III. Writing Devices A variant of irony a statement whose two parts seemcontradictory yet make sense with more thought Examples Christ used paradox in his teaching: "They have ears but hear not." Or in ordinary conversation, we might use a paradox, "Deep down he's really very shallow." Paradox attracts the reader's or the listener's attention and gives emphasis. To be continued on the next page. W B T L E

  31. Paradox: examples III. Writing Devices • More haste, less speed. • In fact, it appears that the teachers of • English teach English so poorlylargely • because they teach grammar so well. The end of Paradox.

  32. Oxymoron III. Writing Devices a variant of irony a statement with two parts which seem contradictory; examples: sad joy, a wise fool, the sound of silence, or Hamlet's saying, "I must be cruel only to be kind." creative destruction, living death, tearful joy; cold pleasant manner, poor rich guys; falsely true; Hasten slowly, groan loudly; the sound of silence The end of Oxymoron.

  33. Innuendo -It’s rather cold today, isn’t it? -But the weatherman said it would be warm. He must take his readings in a bathroom! 用委婉的口气讲反话，和sarcasm尖刻的挖苦相反。 III. Writing Devices A variant of irony an indirect or subtle, usually derogatory implication in expression; an insinuation The end of Innuendo.

  34. Satire III. Writing Devices A variant of irony It is the exposure of the vices or follies of an individual, a group, an institution, an idea, a society, etc., usually with a view to correcting it. Satirists frequently use irony. A kid being mounted on the roof of a lofty house, and seeing a Wolf pass below, began to revile him. The Wolf merely stopped to reply, “Oh, my brace friend, it is not you who revile me, but the place on which you are standing.” The end of Satire.

  35. IV. Key Characteristics • Loose use of pronouns • The context • The tone of certain remarks Practice: Please find in the text corresponding examples of above features. The end of Key Characteristics.

  36. Adverbial clause of manner V. Sentence Paraphrase 1 Now you fellows can handle this any way you want. (Para. 2) “This” refers to the deliberation of the jurors. Notice the difference between “any way” and “anyway”. -He may not like to see me, but I’m going anyway. -You can do it any way you want. I don’t care. I just want the result. -He is desperate. He has to find that money any way. go to 2

  37. V. Sentence Paraphrase 2 Now we know where we are. (Para. 5) • Now we know what everybody’s • attitude is. go to 3

  38. Ellipsis V. Sentence Paraphrase 3 You know, (he was)born in a slum, his mother (was) dead since he was 9, (and he)lived a year and a half in an orphanage when his father was serving a jail term for forgery. (Para. 19) In spoken English, elliptical sentences are common. go to 4

  39. V. Sentence Paraphrase 4 What do you think that trial cost? (Para. 20) According to the U.S. law any citizen has a right to a proper trial, and if he can’t pay, the trial will be paid by the government. That’s why No. 10 here reminds No. 8 angrily that the boy has cost a lot of public money. go to 5

  40. V. Sentence Paraphrase 5 Since when is dishonesty a group characteristic? (Para. 21) I’m surprised to hear you say that as if dishonesty has ever been a group characteristic. This is a retort to No. 10’s remark from No. 9 who is opposed to stereotyped opinions about the poor people. Some individuals are dishonest. They might be rich or poor. It has nothing to do with the social group they belong to. To condemn a whole group of people as immoral or inferior is the common attitude of racists and other bigots. go to 6

  41. V. Sentence Paraphrase 6 Otherwise 1. in another way; differently 以另外的方；不同地：She thought otherwise. 她从另一个侧面考虑。 2. under other circumstances 否则，不然，在另外的情况下：Otherwise I might have helped. 不然我也许可以帮得上忙的。 3. in other respects 在其他方面：an otherwise logical mind. 在其他方面才有逻辑的头脑 It’s hard to put into words. I just think he’s guilty. I mean nobody proved otherwise. (Para. 26) It’s hard to express my views. I just think he’s guilty. I mean nobody proved him innocent. No. 2 obviously doesn’t know the principle that the boy is innocent until proven guilty. His use of the word “think” show that he is not basing his judgment on facts but his feelings. go to 7

  42. V. Sentence Paraphrase 7 Translation Innocent until proven guilty. The burden of proof is on the prosecution. (Para. 27) 没有证明有罪，就算无辜。举证的责任在指控的一方。 The accused is not guilty unless we prove him guilty. And it is the prosecutor’s responsibility to present the evidence. • The American legal system is based on the confrontation principle with the prosecutor trying his utmost to prove the accused guilty and the defense lawyer trying his best to prove his client not guilty. When all the facts are out, then the jury makes a decision. go to 8

  43. V. Sentence Paraphrase 8 You don’t believe the boy’s story. How come you believe the woman’s? She’s one of THEM, too, isn’t she? (Para. 36) • Those people who live in slums How is it that…? Why…? No. 8 is pointing out a flaw in No. 10’s logic. No. 10 first says that you can’t believe those slum people, then he begins to quote of those people’s testimony, but he is not aware of his self-contradiction. go to 9

  44. V. Sentence Paraphrase 9 You are a pretty smart fellow, aren’t you? (Para. 37) This is a real fine boy. (Para. 49) Notice the ironic tone when two jurors say them, then put into appropriate Chinese. go to 10

  45. V. Sentence Paraphrase 10 It is said that this is a quotation from chapter 2 of Charles Dickens’ Dombey and Son (1848): “As the last straw breaks the laden camel’s back, this piece of underground information crushed the sinking spirits of Mr. Dombey.” This colorful variant of the older “last feather that breaks the horse’s back” is now proverbial as “it is the (last) straw that breaks the camel’s back.” It means the final (perhaps small) blow which makes matters insupportable. • It may have been two too many. Everyone has a breaking point. (Para. 47) • “The last straw on camel’s back” Subjunctive mood These two slaps may have been beyond his limit of endurance. The boy has been kicked around so often that he may have been reaching the breaking point when the two slaps come. go to 11

  46. V. Sentence Paraphrase 11 I think we’re missing the point here. (Para. 52) Branch out to something irrelevant make a point 证明论点正确 see the point 懂得要点 miss the point 不得要领，不懂妙处，偏离正题 come to the point 谈正题 get to the point 谈正题 prove one’s point 证明观点 go to 12

  47. V. Sentence Paraphrase 12 You pulled a real bright trick. Now suppose you tell me what it proves. Maybe there are 10 knives like that. So what? The discovery of the age of something? (Para. 76) Impolite response showing that the speaker does not care about what another has just said Perform or carry out a really clever trick You think it is the great discovery of this historical period or what? go to 13

  48. V. Sentence Paraphrase 13 I’ve got a proposition to make to all of you. (Para. 84) I’ve got a proposal to make to all of you. “Proposition” is formal. Brother, you really are something. (Para. 88) Something: an important or remarkable person go to 14

  49. V. Sentence Paraphrase 14 And then some golden-voiced preacher started to tear your poor heart out about a poor kid, and so you changed your vote. This is the most sickening… Why don’t you drop a quarter in the collection-box? (Para. 88) Irony: Preachers often speak in an affected way to strike awe in the hearts of the listeners. Here “preacher” is used in a derogatory sense. No. 3 is showing his contempt for someone whose soft heart has blinded his judgment. The end of Sentence Paraphrase.

  50. Part Three Text Appreciation This is the end of Part Three. Please click HOME to visit other parts.

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