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O. Zavalani, P. Marango and J. Kaçani Polytechnic University of Tirana Sheshi “Nene Tereza”, Nr.4, Albania

Renewable energy potentials of Albania The International Conference on Renewable Energy (ICRE) Damascus, 05 – 08 April 2010 Syrian Arab Republic. O. Zavalani, P. Marango and J. Kaçani Polytechnic University of Tirana Sheshi “Nene Tereza”, Nr.4, Albania. CONTENT. INTRODUCTION

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O. Zavalani, P. Marango and J. Kaçani Polytechnic University of Tirana Sheshi “Nene Tereza”, Nr.4, Albania

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  1. Renewable energy potentials of AlbaniaThe International Conference on Renewable Energy (ICRE)Damascus, 05 – 08 April 2010Syrian Arab Republic O. Zavalani, P. Marango and J. KaçaniPolytechnic University of Tirana Sheshi “Nene Tereza”, Nr.4, Albania

  2. CONTENT INTRODUCTION RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURSES Biomass Hydropower Geothermal Wind Solar CONCLUSION REFERENCES Renewable energy potentials of Albania

  3. ALBANIA Here We are Albania is a country in South Eastern Europe, Balkan penisola. It is a relatively small country with a territory of 28 750 km2 and 3,64 million inhabitants. I.- INTRODUCTION

  4. ALBANIA Albania has a coastline of 362 kilometers long and extends along the Adriatic and Ionian Seas. The 70% of the country is mountainous and over a third of the territory (about 2.5 million acres) is forested. The climate on the coast is typically Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and warm, sunny, and rather dry summers. The highlands have a Mediterranean continental climate. Lowland rainfall averages from 1,000millimeters to more than 1,500millimeters annually, with the higher levels in the north. Rainfall in the upland mountain ranges is heavier. Annual averages are probably about 1,800millimeters and are as high as 2,550millimeters in some northern areas. The western Albanian Alps are among the wet areas in Europe, receiving some 3,100mm of rain annually. Satellite image I.- INTRODUCTION

  5. ECONOMY AND ENERGY IN ALBANIA Albania remains a poor country by Western European standards, but has shown potential for economic growth. Macroeconomic growth averaged was around 6% between 2004-08 and about 2% in 2009. Energy sector in Albania is unsustainable as the energy crises of 2002 and 2007 shows. Poor business environment and lack of success in attracting new foreign investment I.- INTRODUCTION

  6. ENERGY IN ALBANIA Main challenges of the Albanian energy sector: 1.- diversification of the energy sources 2.- fulfillment of the needs by own country resources dependence. The National Strategy of Energy and Plan of Action (2005/09) Creation of the National Agency of Energy and the fund to encourage implementation of Renewable Energy (RE) systems as one of the options for energetic development of the country. Albania has signed several international treaties: 1.- Kyoto Protocol is ratified in the Parliament of Albania in December 2004 (Law Nr. 9334 dated 16/12/2004). 2.- The Energy Community Treaty between the EU and nine southeast European Countries were signed in Athens on October 25, 2005 and are ratified by Albanian parliament on April 03d, 2006. I.- INTRODUCTION

  7. PRODUCTION OF ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE The contribution of the renewable energy sources in the country energy supply is summarized in the table below: II.-RENEWABLE ENERGY RECOURSES

  8. PRODUCTION OF ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE The actual contribution of RE sources in the country energy is presented by: 1.- Hydropower (almost 97% of the electricity produced). 2.- Bio fuel (fuel wood for ambient heating and domestic hot water in houses especially in the rural areas). 3.- Very small use of solar energy for water heating. Unless that the country has exploited only 35 % of its total hydropower potential through the existing hydropower plants, the share of RE in the overall National Energy Balance in Albania, has fulfilled and overpasses the target of the EU energy policy set for the year 2020. This fact does not stimulate a lot the additional policies and public discussions about the need to support the development of other RE recourses. II.-RENEWABLE ENERGY RECOURSES

  9. POTENTIALS FROM RENEWABLE – BIOMASS Biomass energy potentials are important in Albania’s future, consisting of the following main resources: 1.- forest residues 2.- agricultural residues 3.- animal wastes 4.- urban wastes II.-RENEWABLE ENERGY RECOURSES

  10. POTENTIALS FROM RENEWABLE – BIOMASS 1.- Forest residues The total reserve of fuel wood in Albania is estimated about 6 Mtoe. Forests are classified in these major categories: a.- high forests which represent 47% of the total wood resources b.- copses which represent 29% of the total resources c.- bushes, which represent 24% of the total wood resources From these categories, only 10 % of high forests area or respectively 5,87 million m3 wood, 50 % of copses area or 18,25 million m3 wood and 100 % of bushes area or 30 million m3 wood, can be used as fuel woods. Wood waste from the wood industry is another source. Methods of use of fuel wood for energy: a.- ambient heating and domestic hot water in houses (tradition) The actual average yield of fire woods is 35-40%. It is foreseen that in 2025 the penetration of family market heaters shall have an average yield of 75-85% b.- small cogeneration plants fuelled with wood II.-RENEWABLE ENERGY RECOURSES

  11. POTENTIALS FROM RENEWABLE – BIOMASS 2.- agricultural residues The energy potential from agricultural residues was calculated at approximately 43,000 GW. Constrains: a.- Farmers are not aware about using the renewable energy production as resources to increase farm income since they are facing big challenges to produce crops for food. Albania still has a negative trade balance for agriculture products. b.- There is a lack of tradition and of know-how by farmers and agricultural institutions which should advise farmers in regard with utilization of biomass for gaining energy. c.- There are no big farms and processing plants for industrial production of bio fuels as well as incentive policies from government. II.-RENEWABLE ENERGY RECOURSES

  12. POTENTIALS FROM RENEWABLE – BIOMASS 3.- animal residues The energy potential from animal residues was calculated at approximately 12,700GJ in 1995 with a trend to be increased in the future. Constrains: a.- There is a lack of tradition and of know-how by farmers and agricultural institutions which should advise farmers in regard with utilization of animal residues for gaining energy. b.- There are no processing plants for industrial production of bio fuels as well as incentive policies from government. II.-RENEWABLE ENERGY RECOURSES

  13. POTENTIALS FROM RENEWABLE – BIOMASS 4.- urban wastes The potential of urban wastes from the main Albanian cities was calculated as approximately 405.615Toe, predicted for the year 2010. More detailed work is needed to evaluate the bio energy potential of all the different climatic regions of Albania and to evaluate its economics. Although a significant potential of 17.5 TWh/yr thermal was identified, perhaps enough for 600 MW of power generating capacity. II.-RENEWABLE ENERGY RECOURSES

  14. POTENTIALS FROM RENEWABLE – BIOMASS Albania is not producing bio fuels - Biogas, bio ethanol and bio diesel. The production of bio ethanol by the biggest wineries in Albania is still very low and not used for energy proposes. Constrains: The legal framework is missing. No big processing plants Lack of raw materials Small markets because of big competition of import products. II.-RENEWABLE ENERGY RECOURSES

  15. POTENTIALS FROM RENEWABLE – HYDROPOWER Albania is ranked as a country of considerable water richness with a hydrograph distribution in all territory. Country hydrographical distribution is 44000km2. The average of rainfall over the territory of Albania is of 1400 mm/m2 rain per year. The annual combined water flow of the rivers is 40 billion cubic meters; with full use, this quantity of water has the potential to produce 16 to 18 TWh of energy. II.-RENEWABLE ENERGY RECOURSES

  16. POTENTIALS FROM RENEWABLE – HYDROPOWER Total installed power in hydro power stations (HPS) is 1446 MW (87.2% of country power installed capacity). The average output from HPS in normal rainfall years is 4.169 TWh, which provide more than 97% of total domestic electrical energy production. So far, the country has exploited only 35 % of its total hydropower potential. Total hydropower reserves are estimated at around 3,000 MW. Apart from 11 large and medium sized HPP-s, there are 83 existing small hydropower plants (SHPP) with a generation capacity ranging from 0.05 to 1.2 MW. Their installed capacity 14 MW and an average annual production of about 50 million kWh. Several concessions have been given recently to foreign and domestic investors to develop hydropower recourses of the country. II.-RENEWABLE ENERGY RECOURSES

  17. POTENTIALS FROM RENEWABLE – GEOTHERMAL There are many thermal springs and wells in Albania, which represent a potential for geothermal energy of approximately 84 TJ. The geothermal situation offers two directions for exploitation of geothermal energy: a.- The use of thermal water springs and wells of low enthalpy, which covers a wide territory. The water temperatures reach values of up to 60°- 80°C. b.- The use of hot thermal waters, brought out from deep abandoned oil and gas wells, in a form of a "Vertical Earth Heat Probe.“ From different depth levels (800-3000m), the temperatures varies from 32°C to 65.5 °C. Albania is actually in the feasibility phase of assessing the geothermic energy use potentials. The challenge with this type of renewable energy is the way to utilize it in an economical way. II.-RENEWABLE ENERGY RECOURSES

  18. POTENTIALS FROM RENEWABLE – WIND Existing situation: There are some old wind mills still used for grinding wheat or other grains, as well as water pumping. There are no big wind energy producers in Albania. Potentials: It is foreseen that, until 2025, 4% of the total amount of domestic electric energy (around 400 GWh/yr) shall be produced from wind. A considerable number of areas with high wind energy potentials have been identified in the seaside lowland with capacity of near 30 GWh/year or 0.7% of the actual national electric energy production. A detailed study which includes the modeling of the speed wind and country topography is missing. Recently, the Electricity Regulatory Authority has licensed several companies to develop these potentials of the country. II.-RENEWABLE ENERGY RECOURSES

  19. POTENTIALS FROM RENEWABLE – SOLAR Albania belongs to the sub-tropical belt. The position of the country generates favorable conditions for a sustainable development of solar energy offering higher potentials than the average of European countries. Albania receives a level of solar radiation of more than 1 500 kWh/m2/yr, within a range of 1 185 to 1 690 kWh/m2/yr. The average of daily solar radiation change from a minimum of 3.2kWh/m2 in the Northeast up to a maximum of 4.6kWh/m2 in the South-Western. The average daily solar radiation of the whole country is near 4.1kWh/m2, which can be considered as a good solar energy regime. Most areas benefit more than 2200 hours of sunshine per year, while the average for the whole country is about 2400 hours. Fier city has a record of 2850 hours. The number of the solar days has an average of 240 - 260 days annually with a maximum of 280 - 300 days annually in the South- Western part. II.-RENEWABLE ENERGY RECOURSES

  20. POTENTIALS FROM RENEWABLE – SOLAR In the National Strategy of Energy is stated: “so far the utilization of the solar energy is the most promising technology and economically favorable for Albania”. Potential production of warm water from solar water heating (SWH) panels shall be equivalent to the quantity of energy of 1000 GWhthermal (or 125 MWthermal of the installed power). SWH systems are used for thermal power production during the last decade, increased until 23 GWh in 2001. The number of the installed SWH panels in 2003 is increased with 35% compared to 2002. In absolute values, the number of SWH panels installed in 2003 was 2800 units. II.-RENEWABLE ENERGY RECOURSES

  21. POTENTIALS FROM RENEWABLE – SOLAR Energy Efficiency Centre has designed and implemented in kindergartens and schools three projects funded by EU in 2002-2003. The investment amount has been around 85,000 EUR installing more than 200 m2 of SWH panels. Based on the assistance of UNDP during 2003, an amount of 160 m2 of SWH panels has been installed. The total of the investment reached 70,000 USD. Another significant project in the area of SWH panels is currently under implementation. Global Environment Facility (GEF) through UNDP is supporting the Government of Albania to accelerate the market development of SWH panels. It is expected that by continuing growth of installed SWH panels year by year to reach a set target of 540.000m2 by 2020. II.-RENEWABLE ENERGY RECOURSES

  22. POTENTIALS FROM RENEWABLE – SOLAR Photovoltaic panels (PV) are one of the most promising renewable sources of electricity, but also currently by far the most expensive. The photovoltaic technology (PV) is not still used in Albania, and with a very high probability will not be used even in the near future, because of the high prices which are not affordable for the private sector and households. Feed in tariffs for the electricity produced by PV systems, which might support the development of the PV market does not exist, so it is very unlikely that in the near future this type of technology will be broadly implemented. Actually, some photovoltaic installations of less that 1 kW are used in some remote rural areas. II.-RENEWABLE ENERGY RECOURSES

  23. Albania has high potentials to develop RE production. Unless that the country has fulfilled the targets of EU energy policy set for the year 2020 concerning the share of RE in the overall National Energy Balance, new challenges in developing different RE potentials are forward. The Government of Albania, recognizing the importance of RE development and considers it a priority. To improve the situation, the National Strategy for Energy is updated. One of the key objectives of this Strategy is the development of renewable resources. RE development can contribute in the diversification of the national energy resource by an environmentally friendly technology. The establishment of the RE market offers investment opportunities for Albanian medium-sized companies and employment and development of a technology based in Albania. II.-CONCLUSIONS

  24. National Strategy for Energy does not provide a coherent vision on the long-term energy situation in Albania, as it does not take into account the international trends concerning fossil fuel prices and price development regarding RE technologies. So, it is important to be constructed a long term framework for the development of RE sources of the country and available RE technologies which have the economic potential to develop the sector. II.-CONCLUSIONS

  25. THANK YOU! Renewable energy potentials of Albania

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