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A&P

A&P. Chapter 1 Notes An orientation. SECTION 1. AN OVERVIEW OF A/P. ANATOMY. THE STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE AND SHAPE OF THE BODY & ITS PARTS AND HOW THEY RELATE TO EACH OTHER. PHYSIOLOGY. THE STUDY OF HOW THE BODY & ITS PARTS WORK/FUNCTION; SPLIT INTO SYSTEMS

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A&P

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  1. A&P Chapter 1 Notes An orientation

  2. SECTION 1 AN OVERVIEW OF A/P

  3. ANATOMY THE STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE AND SHAPE OF THE BODY & ITS PARTS AND HOW THEY RELATE TO EACH OTHER

  4. PHYSIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HOW THE BODY & ITS PARTS WORK/FUNCTION; SPLIT INTO SYSTEMS EX: NERVOUS SYSTEM, MUSCULAR SYSTEM…

  5. A & P RELATED ALL PARTS OF THE BODY WORK AS A UNIT EACH PART HAS A JOB AND WORK WITH OTHER PARTS TO FORM THE WHOLE

  6. SECTION 2 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

  7. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • FROM SMALLEST TO LARGEST: • ATOM – BUILDING BLOCKS OF MATTER • CELLS – SMALLEST UNIT OF LIVING THINGS • VARY IN SIZE, SHAPE (BASED ON FUNCTION) • TISSUES – A GROUP OF SIMILAR CELLS • EX: MUSCLE • ORGANS – A STRUCTURE, FORMED BY 2 OR MORE TISSUES THAT PERFORMS A SPECIFIC FUNCTION • EX: SMALL INTESTINE, LUNG, …

  8. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • FROM SMALLEST TO LARGEST: • ORGAN SYSTEM – GROUP OF ORGANS THAT COOPERATE FOR A COMMON PURPOSE • MUSCULAR SYSTEM, CARDIOVASCULAR… • ORGANISM- A LIVING BODY; HIGHEST LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION

  9. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

  10. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM EXTERNAL COVERING OF THE BODY SKIN WATERPROOFS, CUSHIONS, PROTECTS REGULATE BODY TEMPERATURE SENSE PAIN

  11. SKELETAL SYSTEM BONES, CARTILAGE, LIGAMENTS SUPPORTS THE BODY FRAMEWORK FOR MOVEMENT PROTECTION FORMS BLOOD (HEMATOPOIESIS)

  12. MUSCULAR SYSTEM • ONE FUNCTION – TO CONTRACT (SHORTEN) • MOVEMENT OCCURS • 3 MUSCLE TYPES • SKELETAL – MOVEMENT OF BODY • CARDIAC – ONLY IN THE HEART • SMOOTH – INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENT

  13. NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROL SYSTEM BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, NERVES & SENSORY RECEPTORS DETECT CHANGES & SEND MESSAGES TO THE BRAIN ASSESS AND RESPOND

  14. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM CONTROLS BODY ACTIVITIES ACTS VERY SLOWLY PRODUCE HORMONES, RELEASE INTO BLOOD TO TARGET ORGANS TO CONTROL FUNCTION PITUITARY, THYROID, ADRENALS, THYMUS, PANCREAS, PINEAL, OVARIES, TESTES

  15. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM HEART & BLOOD VESSELS USES BLOOD TO CARRY O2, NUTRIENTS, HORMONES …TO & FROM TISSUES WHERE EXCHANGES ARE MADE HEART IS MAIN PUMP

  16. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM SIMILAR TO CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM RETURNS LEAKED FLUID FROM BLOOD TO THE VESSELS SO THAT IT IS CONTINUALLY CIRCULATED HELP CLEANSE THE BLOOD HOUSE CELLS OF IMMUNITY LYMPH NODES, SPLEEN, TONSILS

  17. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM KEEP THE BODY SUPPLIED WITH O2 AND REMOVE CO2 PHARYNX, LARYNX, TRACHI, BRONCHI, LUNGS

  18. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM • A TUBE FROM THE MOUTH TO ANUS • MANY ORGANS: • ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH, S.I., L.I., PANCREAS, LIVER, RECTUM • BREAK DOWN FOOD & DISPERSE PRODUCTS TO CELLS FOR USE • RECLAIM WATER

  19. URINARY SYSTEM REMOVES WASTE THAT CONTAINS NITROGEN (UREA & URIC ACID) FROM THE BLOOD & FLUSHES IT IN THE FORM OF URINE MAINTAIN WATER & SALT BALANCE REGULATE BODY pH KIDNEYS, URETERS, BLADDER, URETHRA

  20. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTION TO PRODUCE OFFSPRING MALE = SPERM, SCROTUM, PENIS FEMALE = EGG, OVARY, UTERUS, VAGINA

  21. SECTION 3 MAINTAINING LIFE

  22. MAINTAINING LIFE • LIFE FUNCTIONS • MAINTAIN BOUNDARIES, MOVE, RESPOND, DIGEST NUTRIENTS, METABOLISM, EXCRETE WASTES, REPRODUCE & GROW • SURVIVAL NEEDS • EAT, ACQURE O2, WATER BALANCE, TEMP. BALANCE, MAINTAIN PRESSURES

  23. MAINTAINING BOUNDARIES • ORGANISMS MUST MAINTAIN WHAT IS “INSIDE” AGAINST WHAT IS “OUTSIDE” • EXTERNAL MEMBRANES – • CELL MEMBRANE (CH. 3) • NUCLEAR MEMBRANE (CH. 3) • SKIN

  24. MOVEMENT ALL ACTIVITIES THAT ALLOW THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM TO PROPEL FROM ONE PLACE TO THE NEXT MUSCLES & BONES WORK TOGETHER

  25. RESPONSIVENESS ABILITY TO SENSE CHANGE (STIMULI) IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND REACT TO IT HOMEOSTASIS (next section) NERVOUS SYSTEM MAJOR RESPONSIBILITY

  26. DIGESTION PROCESS OF BREAKING DOWN FOOD INTO SIMPLER MOLECULES THAT CAN BE ABSORBED INTO THE BLOOD & DELIVERED TO ALL BODY CELLS DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

  27. METABOLISM ALL CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT OCCUR IN BODY CELLS COMPLEX TO SIMPLER SUBSTANCES MAKING LARGER FROM SMALLER USING NUTRIENTS & O2 TO MAKE ATP DIGESTIVE, RESPIRATORY, ENDOCRINE, CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS

  28. EXCRETION REMOVING WASTES FROM THE BODY NON USEFUL SUBSTANCES ARE PRODUCED DURING DIGESTION & METABOLISM DIGESTIVE & URINARY SYSTEMS

  29. REPRODUCTION PRODUCTION OF OFFSPRING CELLULAR OR ORGANISM LEVEL REGULATED BY HORMONES/ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

  30. GROWTH INCREASE IN SIZE USUALLY BY AN INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF CELLS

  31. NUTRITION TAKEN IN VIA THE DIET CONTAIN CHEMICALS USED FOR ENERGY AND CELL BUILDING CARBOHYDRATES – MAJOR ENERGY PROVIDING FUEL PROTEINS, FATS, MINERALS, VITAMINS, WATER

  32. OXYGEN CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT RELEASE ENERGY FROM FOOD REQUIRE O2 20% OF AIR WE BREATHE IS O2 O2 TO BLOOD VIA THE RESPIRATORY & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS

  33. WATER ACCOUNTS FOR 60-80% OF BODY WEIGHT SINGLE MOST ABUNDANT SUBSTANCE IN THE BODY PROVIDES FLUID BASE FOR SECRETIONS/EXCRETIONS OBTAINED VIA FOOD/LIQUID LOST VIA EVAPORATION FROM LUNGS, SKIN, EXCRETIONS

  34. BODY TEMPERATURE GOOD HEALTH = 98 degrees DROPS = METABOLISM IS SLOWER HIGH = TOO FAST; PROTEINS BREAK DOWN EXTREME = DEATH BODY HEAT VIA SKELETAL MUSCLES

  35. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE FORCE EXERTED ON THE SURFACE OF THE BODY BY THE WEIGHT OF AIR BREATHING & EXCHANGE OF 02 AND CO2 IN LUNGS DEPENDS ON ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE HIGH ALT = GAS EXCHANGE IS TOO LOW

  36. SECTION 4 HOMEOSTASIS

  37. HOMEOSTASIS THE BODY’S ABILITY TO MAINTAIN A STABLE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT EVEN THOUGHT OUTSIDE CONDITIONS ARE CONTINUOUSLY CHANGING DYNAMIC STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM – INTERNAL CONDITIONS CHANGE BUT VERY LITTLE

  38. HOMEOSTASIC CONTROL MECHANISMS • REGARDLESS OF THE EVENT BEING REGULATED – ALL HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMS HAVE 3 COMPONENTS: • RECEPTOR • CONTROL CENTER • EFFECTOR

  39. RECEPTOR A SENSOR THAT MONITORS AND RSPONDS TO CHANGES (STIMULI) IN THE ENVIRONMENT SENDS INFORMATION TO CONTROL CENTER ALONG THE AFFERENT PATHWAY

  40. CONTROL CENTER DETERMINES THE LEVEL (SET POINT) AT WHICH THE VARIABLE NEEDS TO BE MAINTAINED ANALYZES THE INFORMATION DETERMINES APPROPRIATE RESPONSE (COURSE OF ACTION)

  41. EFFECTOR PROVIDES THE MEANS FOR THE CONTROL CENTER’S RESPONSE (OUTPUT) TO THE STIMULUS INFORMATION FLOWS ALONG THE EFFERENT PATHWAY RESULT OF RESPONSE FEEDBACK TO THE INFLUENCE STIMULI EITHER DEPRESSING (NEGATIVE FEEDBACK) OR ENHANCING (POSITIVE FEEDBACK)

  42. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP MOST HOMEOSTATIC CONTROLS NET EFFECT IS TO “SHUT OFF” ORIGINAL STIMULUS/REDUCE THE INTENSITY EX: HOME HEATING SYSTEM BODY’S THERMOSTAT = HYPOTHALAMUS OTHERS: HEARTRATE, BP, BR, GLUCOSE LEVELS, OX, CO2, AND MINERALS

  43. POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP MUCH MORE RARE IN THE BODY TEND TO INCREASE THE ORIGINAL DISTURBANCE (STIMULI) & PUSH VARIABLE FURTHER AWAY FROM ORIGINAL VALUE EX: BLOOD CLOTTING

  44. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE • MOST DISEASES ARE REGARDED AS A RESULT OF A DISTURBANCE, OR IMBALANCE • AGING • ILLNESS

  45. SECTION 5 LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

  46. CHAPTER 1 VOCAB LISTS • QUIZZES • AUGUST 30 (#1) • AUGUST 31 (#2)

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