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ectopic pregnancy

INCIDENCE >1 in 100 pregnancies. . Recent evidence indicates that the incidence of ectopic pregnancy has been rising in many countries.USA-5 foldUK-2 foldFrance 15/1000 pregnanciesIndia-1in100 deliveriesRecurrence rate - 15% after 1st, 25% after 2 ectopics. 26/08/2011 05:53. Ectopic Pregnancy.

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ectopic pregnancy

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    1. ECTOPIC PREGNANCY DEFINITION Any pregnancy where the fertilised ovum gets implanted & develops in a site other than normal uterine cavity. 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 1

    2. INCIDENCE >1 in 100 pregnancies. Recent evidence indicates that the incidence of ectopic pregnancy has been rising in many countries. USA-5 fold UK-2 fold France 15/1000 pregnancies India-1in100 deliveries Recurrence rate - 15% after 1st, 25% after 2 ectopics 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 2

    3. HISTORY Ectopic pregnancy was first described in 963 Ad by Albucasis. 1884 -- Robert Lawson Tait of Birmingham prformed the first successful Salpingectomy operation 1953 -- Stromme Conservative surgery of Salpingostomy 1973 -- Shapiro & Adller Laparoscopic Salpingectomy 1991 -- Young et al Laparoscopic Salpingotomy 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 3

    4. AETIOLOGY Any factor that causes delayed transport of the fertilised ovum through the. Fallopian tube favours implantation in the tubal mucosa itself thus giving rise to a tubal ectopic pregnancy. These factors may be Congenital or Acquired. 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 4

    5. AETIOLOGY CONGENITAL - Tubal Hypoplasia , Tortuosity , Congenital diverticuli , Accessory ostia , Partial stenosis ACQUIRED - Inflammatory: PID, Septic Abortion, Puerperal Sepsis, MTP (lntraluminal adhesion) Surgical: Tubal reconstructive surgery, Recanalisation of tubes Neoplastic: Broad ligament myoma, Ovarian tumour Miscellaneous Causes: IUCD , Endometriosis, ART (IVF & & GIFT), Previous ectopic 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 5

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    7. CLINICAL PRESENTATION Ectopic Pregnancy remains asymptotic until it ruptures when it can present in two variations - Acute &. Chronic SYMPTOMS- Amenorrhea Abdominal Pain Syncope Vaginal Bleeding Pelvic Mass 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 7

    8. DIAGNOSIS Pregnancy in the fallopian tube is a black cat on a dark night. It may make its presence felt in subtle ways and leap at you or it may slip past unobserved. Although it is difficult to distinguish from cats of other colours in darkness, illumination clearly identifies it. --Mc. Fadyen - 1981 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 8

    9. DIAGNOSIS In recent years, inspite of an increase in the incidence of ectopic pregnancy there has been a fall in the case fatality rate. This is due to the widespread introduction of diagnostic tests and an increased awareness of the serious nature of this disease. This has resulted in early diagnosis and effective treatment. Now the rate of tubal rupture is as low as 20%. 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 9

    10. METHODS OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS Immunoassay utilising monoclonal antibodies to beta HCG Ultrasound scanning Abdominal & Vaginal including Colour Doppler Laparoscopy Serum progesterone estimation not helpful 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 10 A combination of these methods may have to be employed.

    11. METHODS OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS TVS can visualise a gestational sac as early as 4-5 weeks from LMP. During this time the lowest serum beta HCG is 2000 IU/Lt. When beta HCG level is greater than this and there is an empty uterine cavity on TVS, ectopic pregnancy can be suspected. In such a situation, when the value of beta HCG does not double in 48 hours ectopic pregnancy will be confirmed. 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 11

    12. METHODS OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS The USG features of ectopic pregnancy after 5 weeks can be any of the following- 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 12 Demonstration of the gestational sac with or without a live embryo (Begels sign) - The GS appears as an intact well defined tubal ring by 6 weeks when it measures 5 mm in diameter. Afterwards it can be seen as a complete sonolucent sac with the yolk sac and the embryonic pole with or without heart activity inside.

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    14. METHODS OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS Poorly defined tubal ring possibly containing echogenic structure and POD typically containing fluid or blood. Ruptured ectopic with fluid in the POD and an empty uterus. In Colour Doppler, the vascular colour in a characteristic placental shape, the so-called fire pattern, can be seen outside the uterine cavity while the uterine cavity is cold in respect to blood flow 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 14

    15. MANAGEMENT Depends on the stage of the disease and the condition of the patient at diagnosis. Options- Surgery Laparoscopy / Laparotomy Medical Administration of drugs at the site / systemically Expectant Observation 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 15

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    18. MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE ECTOPIC PREGNANCY Hospitalisation Resuscitation - Treatment of shock Lie flat with the leg end raised Analgesics Blood transfusion 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 18

    19. MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE ECTOPIC PREGNANCY Culdocentesis: - Most Helpful in Emergent Situations to Confirm Diagnosis Highly Specific if performed and Interpreted Correctly: - Presence of Free-Flowing, NON-Clotting Blood Negative Tap Inconclusive Remains Controversial 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 19

    20. MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE ECTOPIC PREGNANCY Laparotomy should be done at the earliest. Salpingectomy is the definitive treatment. No benefit from removing Ovary along with the tube If blood is not available, auto-transfusion can be done. 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 20

    21. MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC ECTOPIC PREGNANCY INVESTIGATIONS- Laboratory/Chemical test Serial quantitative beta HCG level by RIA Serum progesterone level (<5 mg/ml in ectopic pregnancy) Low levels of Trophoblastic proteins such as SPI and PAPP-, Placental protein 14 & 12 USG- usually haematocele is found Laparoscopy 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 21

    22. MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC ECTOPIC PREGNANCY TREATMENT ALWAYS SURGICAL Salpingectomy of the offending tube If pelvic haematocele is infected, posterior. colpotomy is to be done to drain the pelvic abscess Salpingo-oophorectomy 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 22

    23. MANAGEMENT OF UNRUPTURED ECTOPIC PREGNANCY SURGICAL- SURGICALLY ADMINISTERED MEDICAL (SAM) TREATMENT MEDICAL TREATMENT EXPECTANT MANAGEMENT 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 23

    24. SURGICAL TREATMENT OF ECTOPIC PREGNANCY Carried out either by Laparoscopy / Laparotomy. The procedures are: - Salpingectomy / Cornual resection / Excision Conservative surgery (in cases of Infertility & desire for pregnancy) Linear salpingostomy Linear salpingotomy Segmental resection and anastomosis Milking of the tube 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 24

    25. SURGICAL TREATMENT OF ECTOPIC PREGNANCY 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 25 LAPAROTOMY? VS. LAPAROSCOPY? SALPINGECTOMY? VS SALPINGOSTOMY / SALPINGOTOMY?

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    31. 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 31 It is carried out by laparoscopic scissors and diathermy or Endo-loop. After passing a loop of No.1 catgut over the ectopic pregnancy the stitch is tightened and then the tubal pregnancy is cut distal to the loop stitch. The excised tissue is removed by piece meal or in a tissue removal bag. LAPAROSCOPIC SALPINGECTOMY

    32. 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 32 To reduce blood loss, first 10-40 IU of vasopressin diluted in10 ml of normal saline is injected into the mesosalpinx. Then the tube is opened through an antimesenteric longitudinal incision over the tubal pregnancy by a Co2 laser (Paulson, 1992) Argon laser (Keckstein et al; 1992) Laparoscopic scissors and ablating the bleeding points with bipolar diathermy. Fine diathermy knife (Lundorff, 1992) LAPAROSCOPIC SALPINGOTOMY

    33. 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 33 The tubal pregnancy is then evacuated by suction irrigation. Hemostasis of the trophpblastic bed is ensured. The tubal incision is left open.

    34. PERSISTENT ECTOPIC PREGNANCY (PEP) This is a complication of salpingotomy / salpingostomy when residual trophoblast continues to survive because of incomplete evacuation of the ectopic pregnancy. Diagnosis is made because of a raised postoperative serum HCG If untreated, can cause life threatening hemorrhage 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 34

    35. PERSISTENT ECTOPIC PREGNANCY (PEP) TREATMENT is by- Reoperation and further evacuation / Salpingectomy Administration of IM / oral Methtrexate in a single dose of 50 mg/m2 of body surface 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 35

    36. SAM TREATMENT Aim- trophoblastic destruction without systemic side effects Technique- Injection of trophotoxic substance into the ectopic pregnancy sac or into the affected tube by- Laparoscopy or Ultrasonographically guided Transabdominal (Porreco, 1992) Transvaginal (Feichtingar, 1987) With Falloposcopic control (Kiss, 1993) 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 36

    37. SAM TREATMENT Trophotoxic substances used- Methtrexate (Pansky, 1989) Potassium Chloride (Robertson, 1987) Mifiprostone (RU 486) PGF2? (Limblom, 1987) Hyper osmolar glucose solution Actinomycin D 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 37

    38. MEDICAL TREATMENT WITH METHOTREXATE Resolution of tubal pregnancy by systemic administration of Methotrexate was first described by Tanaka et al (1982) Mostly used for early resolution of placental tissue in abdominal pregnancy. Can be used for tubal pregnancy as well Mechanism of action- Interferes with the DNA synthesis by inhibiting the synthesis of pyrimidines leading to trophoblastic cell death. Auto enzymes and maternal tissues then absorb the trophoblast. 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 38

    39. MEDICAL TREATMENT WITH METHOTREXATE Ectopic pregnancy size should be < 3.5 cm. Can be given IV/IM/Oral, usually along with Folinic acid Recent concept is to give Methtrexate IM in a single dose of 50mg/m2 without Folinic acid. If serum HCG does not fall to 15% with in 4-7 days, then a second dose of Methtrexate is given and resolution confirmed by HCG estimation 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 39

    40. MEDICAL TREATMENT WITH METHOTREXATE Advantages Minimal Hospitalisation.Usually outdoor treatment Quick recovery 90% success if cases are properly selected Disadvantages- Side effects like GI & Skin Monitoring is essential- Total blood count, LFT & serum HCG once weekly till it becomes negative 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 40

    41. EXPECTANT TREATMENT Tubal Pregnancies are known to Abort / Resolve Befor the advent of salpingectomy in 1884, ectopic pregnancies were being treated expectantly with 70% mortality. Today only selected cases are managed expectantly, screened and identified by high resolution ultrasound scanner and monitored by serial serum HCG assay 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 41

    42. EXPECTANT TREATMENT Identification criteria (Ylostalo et al , 1993)- Diameter of ectopic pregnancy <4 Cm. No sign of intrauterine pregnancy No sign of rupture by TVS No sign of acute bleeding by TVS Falling level of serum HCG at 2 day intervals If any deviation from the above criteria occurs, then emergency treatment is necessary. 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 42

    43. EXPECTANT TREATMENT Spontaneous resolution occurs in 72%,while 28% will need laparoscopic salpingostomy In spontaneous resolution, it may take 4-67 days (mean 20 days) for the serum HCG to return to non pregnant level. The percentage fall in serum HCG by day 7 is a better indicator than the percentage fall by day 2. Warning: - Tubal pregnancies have been known to rupture even when Serum HCG levels are low. 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 43

    44. SUMMARY Incidence of ectopic pregnancy is rising while maternal mortality from it is falling. Early diagnosis is the key to less invasive treatment. The choice today is Laparoscopic treatment of unruptured ectopic pregnancy. The trend is towards conservative treatment. Careful monitoring and proper counselling of patients is mandatory. Ruptured ectopics should be unusual with compliant patients and appropriate medical care. 26/08/2011 22:20 Ectopic Pregnancy 44

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