International Development Prof. Philip Yang National Taiwan University

1. International Development Prof. Philip Yang National Taiwan University

2. What is Int’l development? • International development refers to those processes aimed at the alleviation of poverty, the creation of infrastructure, the establishment of social programs, the securing of civil liberties, the percentage of illiterate people in the population, and economic growth. (orthodox approach)

3. International development, to critical theorists, is the ability of people to meet their material and non-material needs through their own efforts. • Int’d development is a multidisciplinary field that encompasses issues associated with governance, healthcare, education, crisis prevention, structural readjustment, economics, democratization and the environment.

4. International development is distinct from, though conceptually related to, disaster relief and humanitarian aid. While these two forms of aid seek to alleviate some of the problems associated with international development, they are short term fixes. • International development, on the other hand, seeks to implement long-term solutions to problems by helping developing countries create the necessary institutions needed to address and solve their problems on their own.

5. Issues of International Development • Trade and Financial Stability • Poverty and Imbalance • AIDS and Healthcare • Migration and Refugee (IDP) • Education and illiteracy • Political Sustainability • Globalization & Development

6. The World Bank Group • Four distinct but interrelated parts: 1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) 2. International Finance Corporation (IFC) 3. International Development Association (IDA) 4. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)

7. The UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) • Created in 1964, and serves under the auspices of the ECOSOC. • UNCTAD emerged as a forum for developing sates dissatisfied with their term of trade, their growing poverty, and Western restrictions on commodities. • UNCTAD has been criticized for its confrontational approach to economic development.

8. The UN Development Program (UNDP) • The UNDP was created in 1965 when the General Assembly emerged two UN development programs: the Expanded Program of Technical Assistance (EPTA) and the Special United Nations Fund for Economic Development (SUNFED).

9. UNDP coordinates projects with the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the World Food Program (WFP), and World Health Organization (WHO), and many NGOs such as World Vision and Oxfam.

10. Millennium Development Goals • Adopted in 2000, at the UN Millennium Summit, the MDGs are eight international development goals that 189 United Nations member states and at least 23 international organizations have agreed to achieve by the year 2015. • They include reducing extreme poverty, reducing child mortality rates, fighting disease epidemics such as AIDS, and developing a global partnership for development

11. Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger • Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education • Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women • Goal 4: Reduce child mortality • Goal 5: Improve maternal health • Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases • Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability • Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development

12. Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger • In 2005, 1.4 billion people lived on US$1.25 or less a day. 10 million die every year of hunger and hunger-related diseases. • Rising food prices may push 100 million people deeper into poverty. • But fewer children below five are undernourished - from 33% in 1990 to 26% in 2006.

13. Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education • 28 million more children are able to attend school since 1999. But 75 million still miss out on education-34 million boys and 41 million girls. • More than 90% of children in developing countries are enrolled in primary schools and 54% attend secondary school.

14. Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women • Women have more access to employment now than ever before. But they still earn one-third less than men. • In 2008, women held 18% of parliamentary seats worldwide.

15. Goal 4: Reduce child mortality • A child born in a developing country is over 13 times more likely to die within the first five years of life than a child born in an industrialized country. • For the first time in 2006, annual deaths of children under five dropped below 10 million.

16. Goal 5: Improve maternal health • More than 500,000 women in developing countries die every year in childbirth or during pregnancy. • In 2006, nearly 61% of women gave birth with the help of a midwife or doctor, compared to 55% in 2004.

17. Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases • In 2007, 33.2 million people were living with HIV • Malaria kills a child every 30 seconds. It infects 350-500 million people each year, killing 1 million. • Global distribution of bed nets increased from 1.35 million in 2004 to 18 million in 2006.

18. Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability • Nine planet Earths would be required to absorb the world's carbon if every person had the same energy-rich lifestyle as people in developed countries. • Nearly one billion people live in slums. • 2.5 billion people-nearly half the population of the developing world-live without adequate sanitation. • Since 1990, 1.6 billion more people gained access to safe drinking water.

19. Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development • Developed countries' subsidies to domestic agriculture are still more than three times higher than their Official Development Assistance. • To date, of 41 heavily-indebted poor countries, 33 have received US$48 billion in debt relief. • ODA needs to double to about US$100 billion a year to achieve the MDGs.