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Types Of Stem Cells

Stem cells are unspecialized cells of the human body.<br>They can transform and/or multiply into specialized cells.<br>Through a laboratory procedure known as differentiation stem cells procured from one part of the body can become/grow into other kinds of cells.<br>They work to repair the body by generating healthy cells that can replace the cells damaged by disease

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Types Of Stem Cells

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  1. What are stem cells? • Stem cells are unspecialized cells of the human body. • They can transform and/or multiply into specialized cells. • Through a laboratory procedure known as differentiation stem cells procured from one part of the body can become/grow into other kinds of cells. • They work to repair the body by generating healthy cells that can replace the cells damaged by disease.

  2. The Four Types of Stem Cells • Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) • Adult Stem Cells (ASCs) • Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) • Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)

  3. Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) • Derived from unused embryos that are from an IVF procedure • Derived from the inner cell mass of an embryo in its early stages of development • Typically grown in laboratory conditions • Have self-renewing potential • Can differentiate into clinically relevant cell types like dopamine neurons, cardiomyocytes, beta cells, etc • Do not have any specific characteristics like shape, or gene expression pattern

  4. Ban on ECS in 2001 Former US President George W. Bush put a ban on the funding of research on stem cells derived from human embryos because it involved the ‘destruction of human life.

  5. Adult Stem Cells (ASCs) • Undifferentiated cells Procured from fully developed tissues like the brain, bone marrow, etc • Multipotent cells (limited ability to differentiate into other types of cells) • Essential for maintaining the integrity of the tissue in which they are found • May be used for tissue repair and regenerative medicine, like stem cell therapy

  6. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) • First developed by Japanese physician and researcher Shinya Yamanaka in 2006 • Derived from blood cells • Genetically reprogrammed to exhibit the characteristics of embryonic stem cells • Generated by introducing specific types of genes into adult cells • Can self-renew and also differentiate into any cell type in the body • Reduced risk of immune rejection (iPSCs are sourced from the patient’s own cells

  7. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) • First found in the bone marrow • Capable of making bone, cartilage, and even fat cells • Similar to adult stem cells • Possess anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, self-renewal, cell-division, signaling, and differentiation properties • Can divide and develop into many specialized cell types in specific organs and/or tissues • Can become unique stem cell types and create more stem cells when cultured in a lab • Can replace cells that are diseased or damaged Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation can help slow down the rate of degeneration caused by MND, Parkinson’s and other illnesses.

  8. Source of MSCs • Umbilical cord • Bone marrow • Adipose tissue • Peripheral blood • Placental tissue • Synovial fluid (present in joints) • Dental pulp MSCs may also be derived from endometrial polyps and menses blood.

  9. Differentiation properties of MSCs MSCs can differentiate into a variety of cell types like - • Osteoblasts (bone cells) • Adipocytes (fat cells) • Chondrocytes (cartilage cells) Research suggests MSCs can also differentiate into - • Epithelial cells (found inner and outer surfaces of your body) • Endothelial cells (found in blood vessels) • Neurocytes (nerve cells) • Myocytes (muscle cells) • Cardiomyocytes (heart muscle cells) • Hepatocyte (liver cells) • Pancreatic cells

  10. The classification of stem cells Totipotent • The first few cells that appear when a zygote starts to divide • Can differentiate into all possible cell types • Also called omnipotent stem cells • Self-renewable Pluripotent • The cells from an early embryo • Can differentiate into almost any cell type • Self-renewable Multipotent • Can differentiate into a closely related family of cells • Self-renewable

  11. The classification of stem cells Oligopotent • Adult lymphoid and myeloid stem cells • Can differentiate into a few different types of cells • Self-renewable Unipotent • Can only produce their own type of cells • Self-renewable

  12. Types of stem cell therapy Autologous therapy ● Cells are procured from patient’s own bone marrow, blood, or fat tissue Allogeneic therapy ● Cells are procured from external donors

  13. Administering stem cells Stem cells can be administered in the following ways: • Intravenous • Intrathecal (directly into the spinal canal) • Inject into problem areas like hips, hands, knees, etc.

  14. Stem cell therapy at India’s first ISO-Certified Stem Cell Research Center • Plexus Neuro and Stem Cell Research Centre uses autologous mesenchymal stem cells. • The procedure is conducted by Dr. Sadiq, India’s no. 1 stem cell specialist, and his team of highly-skilled and experienced stem cell specialists. Book an appointment with us today. Call +91 89048 42087 | 080-2546 0886 080-2547 0886 | 080-2549 0886

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