STANDARD(S): 11.1 Students analyze the significant events in the founding of the nation.

1. STANDARD(S): 11.1 Students analyze the significant events in the founding of the nation. LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT • Explain America’s desire for normalcy after the war and a fear of communism and foreigners led to isolationism

2. A BULLDOG ALWAYS Commitment Attitude CARES Respect Encouragement Safety

3. Section 1 America Struggles with Postwar Issues A desire for normality after the war and a fear of communism and “foreigners” lead to postwar isolationism. NEXT

4. SECTION 1 Americans Struggle with Postwar Issues Postwar Trends The Effects of Peace on the Public • War leaves Americans exhausted; debate over League divides them • Economy adjusting: cost of living doubles; farm, factory orders down - soldiers take jobs from women, minorities - farmers, factory workers suffer • Nativism—prejudice against foreign-born people—sweeps nation • Isolationism—pulling away from world affairs—becomes popular NEXT

5. SECTION 1: AMERICAN POSTWAR ISSUES The American public was exhausted from World War I Public debate over the League of Nations had divided America An economic downturn meant many faced unemployment A wave of nativism swept the nation

6. Many Americans adopted a belief in isolationism Isolationism meant pulling away from involvement in world affairs ISOLATIONISM

7. SECTION 1 Fear of Communism • The Red Scare • • Communism—economic, political system, single-party government • - ruled by dictator • - no private property • 1919 Vladimir I. Lenin, Bolsheviks, set up Communist state in Russia • U.S. Communist Party forms; some Industrial Workers of the World join • Bombs mailed to government, businesses; people fear Red conspiracy • Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer takes action Continued . . . NEXT

8. SOVIET UNION COMMUNISM Russia was transformed into the Soviet Union in 1917, a Communist state Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks and overthrew the Czarist regime He was a follower of the Marxist doctrine of social equality A Communist party was formed in America, too Lenin

9. FEAR OF COMMUNISM One perceived threat to American life was the spread of Communism Communism is an economic and political system based on a single-governmental party, equal distribution of resources, no private property and rule by a dictatorship

10. SECTION 1 continuedFear of Communism The Palmer Raids • Palmer, J. Edgar Hoover hunt down Communists, socialists, anarchists • Anarchists oppose any form of government • Raids trample civil rights, fail to find evidence of conspiracy Continued . . . NEXT

11. Palmer Raids

12. Palmer Raids

13. Terrorized immigrants

14. Guided Reading

15. Chapter 12 Section 1 A – Why did Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer launch a series of raids against suspected Communists? He believed that a communist revolution was imminent in the United States And he needed an issue on which to campaign for the 1920 democratic presidential nomination.

16. SECTION 1 continuedFear of Communism • Sacco and Vanzetti • Red Scare feeds fear of foreigners, ruins reputations, wrecks lives • 1920, Sacco and Vanzetti, Italian immigrants, anarchists, arrested • - charged with robbery, murder • - trial does not prove guilt • Jury finds them guilty; widespread protests in U.S., abroad • - Sacco, Vanzetti executed 1927 NEXT

17. SACCO & VANZETTI The Red Scare fed nativism in America Italian anarchists Sacco & Vanzetti were a shoemaker and a fish peddler Convicted of robbery and murder despite flimsy evidence, their execution was symbolic of discrimination against radical beliefs during the Red Scare

18. B – According to Vanzetti, what were the reasons for his imprisonment? Because he was a political radical and a foreigner.

19. SECTION 1 Limiting Immigration • Anti-Immigrant Attitudes • Nativists: fewer unskilled jobs available, fewer immigrants needed • Think immigrant anarchists and socialists are Communist Continued . . . NEXT

21. SECTION 1 Limiting Immigration • The Klan Rises Again • Bigots use anti-communism to harass groups unlike themselves • KKK opposes blacks, Catholics, Jews, immigrants, unions, saloons • - 1924, 4.5 million members • Klan controls many states’ politics; violence leads to less power Continued . . . NEXT

22. THE KLAN RISES AGAIN As the Red Scare and anti-immigrant attitudes reached a peak, the KKK was more popular than ever By 1924, the Klan had 4.5 million members

24. C – What were the main goals of the Ku Klux Klan at this time? To keep America under the control of white, native-born males; To get rid of other groups, including Roman Catholics, Jews, and foreign-born people, and radicals; To oppose union organizers; To help enforce prohibition.

25. Guided Reading

26. SECTION 1 continued Limiting Immigration The Quota System • 1919–1921, number of immigrants grows almost 600% • Quota system sets maximum number can enter U.S. from each country - sharply reduces European immigration • 1924, European arrivals cut to 2% of number of residents in 1890 • Discriminates against southern, eastern Europeans • Prohibits Japanese immigration; causes ill will between U.S., Japan • Does not apply to Western Hemisphere; many Canadians, Mexicans enter NEXT

27. CONGRESS LIMITS IMMIGRATION Congress, in response to nativist pressure, decided to limit immigration from southern and eastern Europe The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 set up a quota system to control and restrict immigration America changed its formally permissive immigration policy

28. D – Why did congress make changes in immigration laws during the 1920’s? The number of immigrants increased sharply, and many Americans did not want people from foreign countries entering the nation. Since some of them were anarchist and socialists and some were believed to be communists

29. SECTION 1 A Time of Labor Unrest • Postwar Labor Issues • Government doesn’t allow strikes in wartime; 1919 over 3,000 strikes • Employers against raises, unions; label strikers as Communists Continued . . . NEXT

30. A TIME OF LABOR UNREST Strikes were outlawed during WWI, however in 1919 there were more than 3,000 strikes involving 4 million workers

31. SECTION 1 A Time of Labor Unrest • The Boston Police Strike • Boston police strike over raises, right to unionize • Calvin Coolidge ends strike, replaces strikers with new policemen Continued . . . NEXT

32. BOSTON POLICE STRIKE Boston police had not received a raise in years and were denied the right to unionize The National Guard was called New cops were hired

33. Guided Reading

34. SECTION 1 continuedA Time of Labor Unrest • The Coal Miners’ Strike • 1919, John L. Lewis becomes head of United Mine Workers of America • Leads strike; defies court order to work; accepts arbitration • Miners receive 27% wage increase; Lewis becomes national hero NEXT

35. COAL MINERS’ STRIKE In 1919, United Mine Workers led by John L. Lewis called a Strike on November 1 Lewis met with an arbitrator appointed by President Wilson Lewis won a 27% pay raise and was hailed a hero Lewis

36. SECTION 1 continuedA Time of Labor Unrest • Labor Movement Loses Appeal • In 1920s, union membership drops from over 5 million to 3.5 million • Less than 1% of African Americans, just over 3% whites in unions NEXT

37. 1920s: TOUGH TIMES FOR UNIONS The 1920s hurt the labor movement Union membership dropped from 5 million to 3.5 million Why? African Americans were excluded from membership and immigrants were willing to work in poor conditions Ford Foundry workers in 1926; only 1% of black workers were in Unions at the time

38. SECTION 1 A Time of Labor Unrest • The Steel Mill Strike • 1919, steel workers strike; companies use force, later negotiate • Talks deadlock; Wilson appeals; strike ends • - 1923 report on conditions leads to 8-hour day Continued . . . NEXT

39. STEEL MILL STRIKE In September of 1919, the U.S. Steel Corporation refused to meet with union representatives In response, over 300,000 workers struck Scabs were hired while strikers were beaten by police and federal troops The strike was settled in 1920 with an 8-hour day but no union

40. Guided Reading

41. E – Compare the results of the Boston Police strike and the steel strike. Neither strike was successful; The police lost their jobs, and the steel workers won nothing.