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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. Artificial Intelligence Expert System Geographic Information System. Artificial Intelligence . Overview of Artificial Intelligence . Artificial intelligence (AI) Computers with the ability to mimic or duplicate the functions of the human brain Artificial intelligence systems

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Artificial Intelligence Expert System Geographic Information System

  2. Artificial Intelligence Overview of Artificial Intelligence • Artificial intelligence (AI) • Computers with the ability to mimic or duplicate the functions of the human brain • Artificial intelligence systems • The people, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that demonstrate the characteristics of intelligence

  3. Overview of Artificial Intelligence • Intelligent behavior • Learn from experience • Apply knowledge acquired from experience • Handle complex situations • Solve problems when important information is missing • Determine what is important • React quickly and correctly to a new situation • Understand visual images • Process and manipulate symbols • Be creative and imaginative • Use heuristics

  4. Major Branches of AI (1) • Perceptive system • A system that approximates the way a human sees, hears, and feels objects • Vision system • Capture, store, and manipulate visual images and pictures • Robotics • Mechanical and computer devices that perform tedious tasks with high precision • Expert system • Stores knowledge and makes inferences

  5. Major Branches of AI (2) • Learning system • Computer changes how it functions or reacts to situations based on feedback • Natural language processing • Computers understand and react to statements and commands made in a “natural” language, such as English • Neural network • Computer system that can act like or simulate the functioning of the human brain

  6. Artificial Intelligence Visionsystems Learningsystems Robotics Expert systems Neural networks Natural languageprocessing

  7. Expert Systems Overview of Expert Systems • Can… • Explain their reasoning or suggested decisions • Display intelligent behavior • Draw conclusions from complex relationships • Provide portable knowledge • Expert system shell • A collection of software packages and tools used to develop expert systems

  8. LIMITATION of Expert Systems • Not widely used or tested • Limited to relatively narrow problems • Cannot readily deal with “mixed” knowledge • Possibility of error • Cannot refine own knowledge base • Difficult to maintain • May have high development costs • Raise legal and ethical concerns

  9. CAPABILITIES of Expert Systems Strategic goal setting Explore impact of strategic goals Planning Impact of plans on resources Integrate general design principles and manufacturing limitations Design Decision making Provide advise on decisions Quality control and monitoring Monitor quality and assist in finding solutions Diagnosis Look for causes and suggest solutions

  10. When to use an Expert Systems • Provide a high potential payoff or significantly reduced downside risk • Capture and preserve irreplaceable human expertise • Provide expertise needed at a number of locations at the same time or in a hostile environment that is dangerous to human health • Provide expertise that is expensive or rare • Develop a solution faster than human experts can • Provide expertise needed for training and development to share the wisdom of human experts with a large number of people

  11. Components of an Expert Systems • Knowledge base • Stores all relevant information, data, rules, cases, and relationships used by the expert system • Inference engine • Seeks information and relationships from the knowledge base and provides answers, predictions, and suggestions in the way a human expert would • Rule • A conditional statement that links given conditions to actions or outcomes

  12. Components of an Expert Systems • Fuzzy logic • A specialty research area in computer science that allows shades of gray and does not require everything to be simply yes/no, or true/false • Backward chaining • A method of reasoning that starts with conclusions and works backward to the supporting facts • Forward chaining • A method of reasoning that starts with the facts and works forward to the conclusions

  13. How experts system work?

  14. Structure of experts system

  15. experts system development Determining requirements Identifying experts • Domain • The area of knowledgeaddressed by theexpert system. Construct expert system components Implementing results Maintaining and reviewing system

  16. Expertsystem Knowledge engineer Domain expert Knowledge user

  17. Participants in experts system development • Domain expert • The individual or group whose expertise and knowledge is captured for use in an expert system • Knowledge user • The individual or group who uses and benefits from the expert system • Knowledge engineer • Someone trained or experienced in the design, development, implementation, and maintenance of an expert system

  18. Evolution of experts system Software • Expert system shell • Collection of software packages & tools to design, develop, implement, and maintain expert systems high Expert systemshells Special and 4thgenerationlanguages Traditionalprogramminglanguages Ease of use low Before 1980 1980s 1990s

  19. experts system development alternatives high Developfromscratch Developfromshell Developmentcosts Useexistingpackage low low high Time to develop expert system

  20. Application of experts system and Artificial intelligence • Credit granting • Information management and retrieval • AI and expert systems embedded in products • Plant layout • Hospitals and medical facilities • Help desks and assistance • Employee performance evaluation • Loan analysis • Virus detection • Repair and maintenance • Shipping • Marketing • Warehouse optimization

  21. Geographic information system A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface. GIS can show many different kinds of data on one map, such as streets, buildings, and vegetation. This enables people to more easily see, analyze, and understand patterns and relationships.

  22. Geographic information system A diagram shows the layers of data that affect the area of the Ogallala Aquifer, a key source of fresh water for much of the Midwestern United States. GIS combines many layers to visualize how different features are related. The graph shows water level change from 1980-1990.

  23. Geographic information system A military officer in Colorado Springs, Colorado, uses GIS equipment to scan the orbital path of a Russian satellite. GIS data can check where the satellite is located and what it can see.

  24. Geographic information system Geographic information systems (GIS) have come a long way since 1983, when this image was taken in the cartography department of the National Geographic Society. Today, cartographers regularly use GIS layers to customize maps for online and print use.

  25. 6 parts of Gis

  26. GIS : study more at …….

  27. Q&A

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