Do now: What does it mean to reform? Write your own definition in your nb

1. Do now:What does it mean to reform? Write your own definition in your nb

2. The Protestant Reformation

3. What was the Protestant Reformation? • Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic • The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church • People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church

4. Medieval Church Authority • The Catholic Church was the only church in Medieval Europe • The Bible was only to be read by Priests or Bishops • Church Services were only in Latin.

5. What did people believe at the start of the 16th century? If you went on a Crusade or a Pilgrimage you could earn time out of Purgatory You could buy a special letter from the Pope called an Indulgence which was like a get out of jail for free card but for Purgatory

6. What did people believe at the start of the 16th century? If you died with a dirty Soul you would go to either Purgatory or straight to hell. You had to go to Church and get the Priest to clean your Soul. If you died with a clean Soul you would go to heaven.

7. In the 1500s reformers called on Church to return to simple faith of early Christianity • Felt corruption was present in Church • Clergy sold indulgences- (a pardon or release from sins to reduce time in Purgatory) for money given to the clergy/Church. • (supposed to reduce the punishment a sinner suffered after death) The sale of indulgences shown in A Question to a Mintmaker, woodcut by JörgBreu the Elder of Augsburg, ca. 1530.

8. The Reformers • Martin Luther • John Calvin • Henry VIII

9. Martin Luther Martin Luther was a monk and all monks lives were revolved around community work, prayer, rest, and work in the monastery. Luther argues that faith alone saves the human sinner

10. What did Martin Luther believe? • *You Don’t have to go to Church to get your soul cleaned. • *The Church is wrong to sell indulgencies which buy time out of Purgatory. • *Read the Bible in your own language and not Latin. • *Its wrong to make an image of God. • The Church is too rich.

11. Martin Luther writes 95 Thesesin 1517 & nailed to door of Wittenberg castle church in German state of Saxony • List of questions to church • Criticized indulgences • Taken to printing press & copies spread all around

12. Luther’s 95 Theses • A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints) • He criticized: • The Power of the Pope • The Extreme Wealth of the Church • Indulgences (Catholic concept of Salvation) I got 95 Complaints!

13. The first thing printed on Gutenberg’s press was the Bible. • This is a picture of a page from one of Gutenberg’s Bibles.

14. In 1520, Pope Leo X issued Diet of Worms (vawrmz). • Order Luther to give up his beliefs • Luther burned the order and was excommunicated- took away membership in the Church. • In 1521, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V tried Luther, issued the Edict of Worms& declared Luther an outlaw & heretic- person who holds beliefs outside of Church Pope Leo X • He was the Pope during the height of the corruption

15. Diet of Worms

16. Luther gets saved by Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony who protects him in castle. • Luther’s teachings: • Ppl can win salvation only by faith in God’s forgiveness. • Faith & ‘good deeds’ were needed for salvation • All Church teachings based on words of the Bible • The Pope & Church traditions were false authorities • All people of faith are equal • Ppl did not need priests to interpret Bible for them • While in castle he translated Bible from Latin into German • Begins a separate Christian religion- Lutheranism

17. Impact on German Politics- Some German princes saw Luther’s teachings as reason to claim Church property & get independence from Holy Roman Emperor Charles V • German protesting princes= Protestants • Becomes name for all Christians who belong to non-Catholic churches • Charles V goes to war w/ German Lutheran princes • 1555 Peace of Augsburg- formally accepts division in Christianity. Each prince gets to decide religion of his state

18. John Calvin • “May little chickens dig out your eyes 100,000 times.” • - Calvin speaking to another reformer whose ideas he disagreed with

19. . Calvinism • John Calvin takes over as Protestant leader in Switzerland. Wrote Institutes of Christian Religion • Influenced by Martin Luther • Disagreed with Luther’s “Salvation through faith alone.” • Created his own Protestant religion in Switzerland

20. Predestination • Calvin believed in: • Salvation through Predestination • At birth it is decided if you will go to heaven or hell

21. Calvin believed in: • Foreknowledge • God knows everything that will happen in your life • Purified approach to life: • No drinking, swearing, card playing, gambling, dancing, etc..

22. Calvin: • Believed doing God’s work on earth • Used missionaries to spread faith • Believed ideal government was a theocracy- gov’t controlled by relig leader • 1541 takes leadership of Geneva, Switzerland • John Knox spreads Calvinist ideas to Scotland in 1559 • Becomes Presbyterianism

23. Christianity Protestant Catholic Lutheran Calvinism Presbyterian Puritan Hugeunots

24. Other divisions… inspired by… 1st comes love Then comes marriage Then comes King Henry VIII whining about…

25. I want a divorce! A lot of them!

26. Baby Henry Young Henry

27. 1520 1509

28. 1525 1526

29. Henry VIII and England • Henry VIII • Dissent over divorce • Wives of Henry • 1st -Catherine of Aragon • 2nd-Anne Boleyn • 3rd-Jane Seymour • 4th-Anne of Cleves • 5th-Catherine Howard • 6th-Catherine Parr • The Anglican Church forms when Henry VIII of England divorces his first wife, is • excommunicated by the Pope, and decides to break off from the Catholic church and form a new Church of England • Here’s how he did it…

30. At first… • The pope awarded him with the title “defender of the catholic faith” for a pamphlet he wrote denouncing Luther! • But by 1527, he was at odds with the catholic church.

32. Wife #1 • Catherine of Aragon • Henry given permission from Pope to marry his brother’s widow • Catherine failed to produce a male heir, only had one surviving child – Mary I

33. Catherine of Aragon • Henry wanted a divorce, but Pope Clement VII wouldn’t invalidate the marriage • Henry tried to get Church to do what he wanted, and appointed Sir Thomas More as English Cardinal • Gets Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, to rule marriage “null & void.” Anne becomes queen. 3 months later have daughter, Elizabeth (becomes Queen Elizabeth I)

34. Thomas Cramner • Appointed archbishop by Henry. • He annulled the marriage.

35. Catherine of Aragon • Henry proceeded to dissolve his ties to the Pope • ENGLISH REFORMATION – Henry VIII took control of the English clergy and had himself appointed the head of the Church of England • He divorced Catherine and married his lover Anne Boleyn

36. Reformation in England: • 1534 Parliament finalizes England’s break w Pope & Catholic Church w/ Act of Supremacy- the king is “supreme head on earth on Church of England”

37. Henry VIII Establishes the Church of England

38. Wife # 2 • ANNE BOLEYN • Only had 1 surviving child – a daughter, Elizabeth I • Henry upset at not having a son, accused Anne of incest and adultery • Anne was brought to the Tower of London and executed

39. Interesting Facts to Know… • Legend had it she had a sixth finger and a large mole or goiter on her neck • Anne’s sister Mary had been one of Henry’s earlier mistresses • Just prior to her execution, Anne’s marriage to Henry was dissolved and considered invalid

40. Wife # 3 Third time’s the charm??? • JANE SEYMOUR • First came to the court in the service of Queen Catherine, later she waited on Anne Boleyn as she rose to Queen • Henry felt she was his first “true wife” • She died 2 weeks after giving birth to Henry’s only legitimate son – Edward • Only one of the 6 wives buried with him.

41. Wife # 4 A marriage of politics… • ANNE OF CLEVES • Henry was single for 2 years after Jane died • Henry wanted a marriage for political reasons, to form an Alliance between English Protestants and German Protestants • Hired a painter to find him a potential ally and paint the women who could make it possible – He chose Anne of Cleves • She was so unattractive however, Henry divorced her

42. The painting Henry saw The real anne Yuck!

43. Never lie to the king… Hans Holbein the Younger was beheaded for the misleading painting

44. Wife # 5 Robbing the cradle… • CATHRYN HOWARD (cousin of Anne Boleyn) • Married her only 16 days after his divorce to Anne – he was 49, she was 19 • They were ill-matched, he was gaining a lot of weight, and had an ulcerated leg – she was his “rose without a thorn” • Executed because he believed she had relations with another man before their marriage, which continued after their marriage

45. “A rose without a thorn”

46. Wife # 6 • CATHERINE PARR • Widowed twice before marrying Henry • Became a stabilizing mother figure in home – to Mary, Elizabeth and Edward • She outlived Henry – who died January 28, 1547 • She married Jane Seymour’s (wife #3) brother, Thomas after Henry’s death

47. The one who survived:The Mom Figure KATHERINE PARR

48. Same Mostly catholic doctrine Forbid clergy to marry Continued confession Different English bibles Henry head instead of pope Religious decisions in the hands of the monarch and Parliament No monks, no statues Anglican Church "C of E" Religion with Henry:

49. Edward VI takes the throne: • Only 9 years old! • Edward Seymour (Edward VI's uncle) the Protectorship of the realm he genuinely cared for both the boy and the realm, but used the Protectorship, as well as Edward's religious radicalism, to further his Protestant interests • Decides that clergy can wed • Protestant refugees fled to England

50. Edward vi: • The Book of Common Prayer, Written by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, was instituted in 1549 as a handbook to the new style of worship that skated controversial issues in an effort to pacify Catholics • Died of tuberculosis as a teenager (16)